Vw c< FORTHE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY s\^^:;if;'^r CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIMENS OF MAMMALIA IN* THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. PART III. UNGULATA FURCIPEDA. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1852. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. i?' PREFACE. IHE chief object in preparing the present Synopsis has been, to give at one view a complete Catalogue of all the specimens of Mammalia, and their Osteological remains, at present in the British Museum Collection, and an account of the species known to exist in other collections, but which are at present desiderata in the British Museum, so as to enable travellers, collectors, and others, to assist in com- pleting the National Collection. For this purpose, a short description has been given of all the genera and species at present known to exist in the different museums and private collections, and at the end of each description is added an enumeration, stating the state, age, country, and other pecu- harities of each specimen of the kind in the Museum Collec - tion ; or when the species is not at present in that Collection, the museum, in which it has been observed, is added after the general habitat of the species. The different individuals of each species contained in the British Museum Collection are indicated by tlie letters a, 6, c, &c. When the age of th» specimen is not stated, it is to be understood that it is full-grown, or nearly so ; when other- a 2 wise, its state is marked immediately after the letter by which it is distinguished ; and if the sexes are known, it is stated to be male or female. These particulars are followed by the habitat, which is given as particularly as the inate- nals possessed by the Museum permit. Those specimens which have been presented to the Museum have the name of the donor marked immediately after the habitat. When tliere is no such indication, the specimens have been either purcliased or procured in exchange ; and in this case, when- ever the place or person from whence they have been re- ceived gives authenticity to the specimen, or adds anything to their history, they are noted as being from such or such a collection. The various synonyms have been given to the different divisions of the class, and to the genera and subgenera and species, and a reference made to the works in which they have been characterized or described. In the adoption of the names for these divisions and for the names of the genera and species, it has been thought right to use, whenever it was possible, that which was first used for the purpose. As far as regards the specific name, there is comparatively little difficulty in the application of this simple rule ; but ordinal, and especially generic names, have been used by different authors in senses so widely dif- ferent, and the groups which they are intended to designate have been so variously extended and restricted, that it is no easy matter to determine, where several names have been used, which of them ought to be preferred. As every ori- ginal observer will constantly make use of characters which others may have overlooked, or not thought of so much importance as further researches have shown to belong to it, even when a generic name is used, it will of necessity be often employed in a different sense, or with a more restricted PREFACE. or very rarely a more extended meaning than its original proposer applied to it. If this was not allowed, many new names must be added to the Ust of genera, which is already so overburdened with synonyma. In those cases where the two sexes of the same species, or any particular individual state or variety belonging to it, have been differently named, the names belonging exclusively to the state or individual described are placed after the reference to the specimens to which they apply. To determine with accuracy the names and sjTionyma of the species, the various specimens, skele- tons and other remains of Hoofed animals in the Museums of the Zoological Society, of the East India Company, of the Naval Hospital at Haslar, and of the different local Societies, especially those of Liverpool, Bristol, &c., and the various continental Museums of Paris, Leyden, Berlin, Vienna, and Frankfort, have been personally examined, and in many cases the specimens contained in those Museums have been sent to the Museum, so that thev could be actually compared with specimens in the Museum Collection. JOHN EDWARD GRAY. British Museum, \st December, 1852. Tit ' :^hH, a "^^ / Page 1 Order V. UNGULATA , 1. Purcipeda 8 Fam. 1. BoviD^ 8 I. Tribe 1. Bmhxa 12 A. Levicornia 15 I. Bovecs 15 A. 1. Bos 16 i,\. B. Taurus 17 2. B. Indicus 21 3. B.Dante 22 2. BuBALUS 23 1. B. bracliycerus 24 2. B. Buffelus 25 3. B. Caffer 28 3. Anoa 29 XCX -- 1. A. depressicornis .... 29 4. BiBos.. 30 1. B. frontalis 31 2. B. Gaurus 32 3. B. Banting 35 5. Bison 35 1. B. Bonassus 36 >2. B. Americanus 38 B. 6. POEFHAGUS 39 1. P. gruuniens 40 7. OviBos 42 1. 0. moschatus 43 8. BUDORCAS 44 1. B. taxicola 45 \l. AntUopece 45 A. 1. Saiga 51 y. 1. S. Tartarica 51 2. Pantholops ....!. 52 1. P. Hodgsonii 53 3. ProcaprA 54 1. P. gutturosa 54 2. P. piciicauda 55 4. Gazella 55 \ 1. G. Dorcas 55 2. G. Isabella 57 3. G, subgutturosa 58 4. G. ScEmmeringii ... 59 5. G. Mohr 59 6. G. ruficoUis 60 7. G. rufifrons 60 5. Tragops 61 1. T. Bennettii 62 6. Antidorcas 63 1. A. Euchore 63 7. xEpyceros 64 1. iE. Melampus 65 8. Antilope 66 1. A. bezoartica 66 9. Tetracerus 67 1. T. quadricornis 68 2. T. lodes 69 3. T. paccervis 69 4. T. subquadricornutus 70 10. Calotragus 70 1. C. campestris 71 2. C. melanotis 72 11. SCOPOPHORUS 73 1. S. Ourebi 73 2. S. montanus 74 12. Oreotragus 74 1. 0. saltatrix 74 VUl SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 13. Nesotragus 75 1. N. moschatus 75 14. Neotragus 76 1. N. Saltianus 76 15. Cephaloi'hus 76 1. C. quadriscopa 77 2. C. Grimmia 78 3. C. Campbelliae 80 4. C. Burchellii 81 5. C. Madoqua 82 X.6. C. corouatus 82 7. C. sylvicultrix 83 8. C. Ogilbii 83 9. C. badius 84 10. C. dorsalis 84 11. C. niger 84 12. C. Natalensis 85 13. C. rufilatus 85 ■f 14. C. MaxwelUi 86 Xl5. C. pygraea 87 16. C. melanorheus 88 17. C. punctulatus 88 18. C. Whitfieldii 88 16. Nanotragus 89 1. N. perpusillus 89 17. Pelea 90 1. P. Capreola 90 18. Eleotragus 91 1. E. aruudinaceus 91 y2. E. reduncus 94 ? Raphicerus 95 c. 19. Adenota 96 1. A. Kob 96 2. A. Lechee 98 20. KoBus 99 ^(- 1. K. ellipsiprymnus ... 99 2. K. Sing-Sing 99 21. Hipfotragus 102 ^ 1. H. leucophaeus 102 2. H, niger 104 22. Oryx 105 1. 0. Gazella 105 2. 0. Beisa 106 X 3. O. Leucorvx 107 Page 23. Addax 108 S 1. A. nasomaculatus ... 108 24. Capricornis 110 1. C. Sumatrensis 110 2. C. Bubalina Ill 3. C.Pcrispa 112 25. Nemorhedus 112 1. N. Goral 112 26. Mazama 114 1. M. Americana 114 27. RupicAPRA 115 < 1. R. Tragus 115 28. Antilocapra 116 /■' 1. A. Americana 117 29 & 30. CONNOCHETES .... 119 1. C. Gnu 119 2. C. Gorgon 121 31. Al.CELAPHUS 122 >J. A. Bubalis 123 ' 2. A. Caama 124 32. Damalis 125 1. D. lunatus 125 2. D. Senegalensis 126 A'3. D. Pygarga 127 4. D. albifrons 129 5. D.? Zebra 129 B. Angulicornia 131 III. Strepsicerece 131 1. Strepsiceros 132 7 1. S. Kudu 133 2. Oreas 134 1. O. Canna 134 2. 0. Derbianus 135 3. Tragelaphus 136 1. T. Eurj^cerus 136 2. T. Angasii 137 3. T. scripta 138 4. T. Decula 139 X 5. T. svlvatica 139 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. IX Page 4. PORTAX 140 1. p. Tragocamelus ... 141 IV. Capreae 142 1. Hemitragus 144 1. H. Jemlaicus 144 2. Kemas 146 1. K. Warryato 146 3. ^Egoceros 147 "/h M. Pyrenaica 147 2. iE. Caucasica 148 4. Capra 149 XI. C. Ibex 149 X2. C. Sibirica 150 3. C. Himalayana 150 4. C. laevicoruis 151 5. C. Nubiana 151 6. C. Valie 152 5. HiRcus 152 1. H. .Egagrus 153 V. Ove(B 160 1. Ovis 161 yi. 0. iVries 161 2. Caprovis 171 1. C. Vignei 172 2. C. Orientalis 172 "-vJi. C. Musimon 173 4. C. Argali 174 5. C. Canadensis 176 3. Pseudois 177 1. P. Nahoor 177 4. Ammotragus 179 X 1. A. Tragelaphus 179 Tribe 2. Giraffina 180 1. GiRAFFA 180 I. G. Camelopardalis . . . 181 II. Tribe 3. Cervina.... 182 Page 1. AlcecB 186 1. Alces 186 >. 1. A. Malchis 187 2. Rangerinee 188 1. Tarandus 188 Kl. T. rangifer 189 3. Elaphince 193 1. Cervus 193 1. C. Canadensis 193 2. C. Elaphus 195 3. C. Barbarus 197 4. C. Wallichii 197 5. C. affinis 199 6. C. Sika 200 2. Dama 200 y 1. D. vulgaris 200 4. Rusince 201 1. Panolia 202 1. P. Eldu 202 2. RucERvus 203 1. R. Duvaucellii 203 3. RusA 205 . 1. R. Aristotelis 205 2. R. Dimorphe 209 )(.3. K. hippelaphus 209 4. R. Equinus 210 5. R. Peroaii 211 6. R. Philippinus 211 7. R. lepida.' 212 4. Axis 212 >!. A. maculata 212 2. A. pseudaxis 215 5. Hyelaphus 215 1. H. porcinus 215 6. Cervulus 217 1. C. vaginalis 217 ^2. C. moscliatus 218 3. C. Reevesii 220 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 5. Capreolince 221 1. Capreolus 221 XL C. Caprsea 222 y2. C.pygargus 223 2. Blastocerus 223 1. B. paludosus 224 2. B. campestris 224 3. FURCIFER 226 1. F. Antisiensis 226 2. F. Huamel 227 4. Cariacus 228 y 1. C. Virginianus 228 2. C. Mexicanus 230 3. C. leucurus 230 4. C.Pnemoralis 232 5. C. punctulatus 232 6. C. Lewisii 233 7. C. macrotis 234 5. CoASSus 236 1. C. nemorivagus 237 N'..2. C. rufus 238 3. C. superciliaris 239 4. C. auritus 239 6. PuDu 240 1. P. hutnilis 240 Tribe 4. Moschina 241 1, MoscHus 242 1. M. Sibiricus 243 :Ks2. M. moschiferus 244 Page 3. M. leucogaster 245 4. M. chrysogaster 245 2. Meminna ., 246 1. M. indica 246 3. Hyemoschus 247 1. H. aquaticus 248 4. Tragulus 248 1. T. Stanleyanus 249 2. T. Javanicus 249 3. T. pygmaeus 250 Tribe 5. Camelina 251 1. Camelus 252 1. C. Arabicus 252 2. C. Bactrianus 253 2. Lama 254 /— 1. L. Vicugna 256x, ( .;-2. L. Guanacus 257^' \ 3. L. Glama 26(K '4. L. Pacos 260-^ Fam. 2. EauiD^ 262 1. Eauus 262 1. E. CabaUus 263 2. AsiNus 268 1. A. vulgaris 268 2. A. Onager 269 3. A, Hemionus 272 4. A. Equuleus 275 5. A. Quaga;a 275 6. A. Burchellii 276 7. A. Zebra 277 XI GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. Europe. Page Bos Taurus. Domesticated 17 indicus. Domesticated 21 Bubalus Buffelus. Domesticated 25 Bison Bonassus. Poland 36 Rupicapra Tragus 115 iEgoceros Pyrenaica 147 Caucasica 148 Capra Ibex 149 Hircus iEgagrils. Domesticated 153 Caprovis Musimon. Sardinia 173 Alces Malchis 187 Tarandus rangifer. Arctic Circle 189 Cervus Elaphus 195 Dama vulgaris. Domesticated 200 Capreolus Capraea 222 South Africa. Bos Taurus, Domesticated 17 Bubalus CafFer 28 Antidorcas Euchore 63 -^pyceros Melampus 65 Calotragus campestris 71 melanotis 72 Scopophorus Ourebi 73 Oreotragus saltatrix 74 Cephalophus Grimmia 78 Campbelliae 80 Burchellii 81 Natalensls. Port Natal 85 pygmea 87 Pelea Capreola 90 Eleotragus arundinaceus 91 Adenota Lechee. Tropics 98 Kobus ellipsiprj'mnus 99 Hippotragus leucophaeus 102 niger 104 Oryx Gazella 105 XII GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. Page Connochetes Gnu 119 Gorgon 121 Alcelaphus Caama 124 Damalis lunatus 125 Pygarga 127 albifrons 129 Strepsiceros Kudu 133 Oreas Canna 134 Tragelaphus Angasii 137 sylvatica 138 Hircus ^gagrus. Domesticatod 153 Ovis Aries. Domesticated 161 Giraffa Camelopardalis 181 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 268 Quagga 275 Burchellii 276 Zebra 277 North Africa. Bos Tauruc. Domesticated 17 Dante. Domesticated 22 Bubalus Bufftlus, Domesticated 25 Gazella Dorcas 56 Oryx Leucoryx 107 Addax nasomaculatus 108 Alcelaphus Bubalis 123 Capra Nubiana 152 Hircus iEgagrus. Domesticated 153 Ovis Aries. Domesticated 161 Ammotragus Tragelaphus 179 GirafFa Camelopardalis 181 Cervus Elaphus, var, Algeria 197 Barbarus. Barbary 197 Camelus Arabicus 252 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 26£ West Africa. Bos Taurus. Domesticated 17 Bos Dante. Domesticated 22 Bubalus brachycerus ,.... 24 Gazella Mohr 59 rufifrons. Gambia 60 Scopophorus montanus 73 ? Cephalophus quadriscopa '77 Campbelliae 80 coronatus. Gambia 82 sylvicultrix. Sierra Leone 81 Ogilbii. Fernando Po 83 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. XUl Page ? Cephalophus badius. Sierra Leone 84 dorsalis. Sierra Leone 84 niger. Guinea 85 rufilatus. Gambia 86 Maxwellii 86 melanorheus. Fernando Po 88 punctulatus. Sierra Leone 88 Whitfieldii. Gambia 88 Nanotragus perpusillus. Guinea 89 Eleotragus reduncus. Gambia 94 Adenota Kob. Gambia 96 Kobus Sing-Sing. Gambia 99 Oryx Leucoryx. Gambia 107 Damalis Senegalensis. Gambia 126 Zebra. Sierra Leone 129 Oreas Derbianus. Gambia 135 Tragelaphus Eurycerus 136 scripta 138 Hircus ^gagrus. Domesticated 153 Hyemoschus aquaticus 248 Gamelus Arabicus. Domesticated 253 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 268 East Africa. Bos Taurus. Domesticated 17 ? Bubalus brachycerus 24 Gazella Dorcas, var 56 Isabella 57 Soerameringii 59 ruficoUis. Kordofan 60 Scopophorus montanus 73 Oreotragus saltatrix 74 Nesotragus moschatus. Zanzibar 75 Neotragus Saltiana. Abyssinia 76 Cephalophus Madoqua. Abyssinia 82 ? Adenota Koba 97 Oi^Beisa 106 Strepsiceros Kudu, var 133 Tragelaphus Decula 139 ? Capra Nubiana 151 Valie. Abyssinia 152 Hircus ^gagrus. Domesticated 153 Ovis Aries. Domesticated 161 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 268 Australia. Bos Taurus. Domesticated 17 Hircus /Egagrus. Domesticated 153 b XIV GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. Page Ovis Aries. Domesticated 161 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 268 Asia. ? Bos Taurus. Domesticated , 17 Indicus. Domesticated 21 Bubalus Buffelus. Domesticated 25 Anoa depressicornis. Celebes 29 Bibos frontalis. India 31 Ganrus. India 33 Banting. Java, Borneo 35 Poephagus grunniens. Thibet 40 Budorcas taxicola. Thibet 45 Saiga Tartarica. Tartary 51 Pantholops Hodgsonii. Thibet 53 Procapra gutturosa. Tartary 54 picticauda. Thibet 55 ? Gazella Dorcas, var. India 57 subgutturosa. Tartary 58 Tragops Bennettii. India, plains 62 Antilope Bezoartica. India, plains 66 Tetracerus quadricomis 68 lodes 69 paccervis 69 subquadricornutus 70 Capricornis Sumatrensis. Sumatra 110 Bubalina. India, mountains Ill crispa. Japan 112 ? Nemorhedus Goral. India 112 Portax Tragocamelus. India 141 Hemitragus Jemlaicus. India 144 Kemas Warryato. "Western India 146 Capra Sibirica 150 Himalayana 150 Hircus -^gagrus- Domesticated 153 Ovis Aries. Domesticated 161 Caprovis Vignei. Thibet 172 Argali. Siberia and Tartary 174 Pseudois Nahoor. North India 177 Tarandus rangifer. Arctic regions 183 Cervus Wallichii. India 197 affinis. Thibet 199 Sika. Japan 200 Dama vulgaris. Persia 201 Panolia Eldii. India 202 Rucervus Duvaucellii. India 203 Rusa Aristotelis. India 205 Dimorphe. India 209 Hippelaphus. Java 209 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. XV Page Rusa Equinus. Sumatra 210 Peronii. Timor 211 Philippinus. Philippines 211 lepidus. Java 212 Axis maculatus. India, plains 212 pseudaxis. India 215 Hyelaphus porcinus. India, plains 215 Cervulus vaginalis. Sumatra. Java 217 moschatus. India 218 Reevesii. China 220 Capreolus pygargus. Siberia 223 Moschus Sibiricus <. 243 moschiferus 244 leucogaster 245 chrysogaster 245 Merainna indica 246 Tragulus Stanleyanus. Ceylon 249 Javanicus. Java, &c 249 pygmaeus. Java, &c 250 Camelus Arabicus 252 Bactrianus. Domesticated 253 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 268 Onager. India, plains 269 Hemionus. Tartary 272 North America. Bos Taurus. Domesticated 17 Bison Americanus 36 Ovibos moschatus. Arctic regions 43 Mazama Americana. Arctic regions 114 Antilocapra Americana 117 Hircus vEgagrus. Domesticated 153 O.vis Aries. Domesticated 161 Caprovis orientalis. Tunis 172 Caprovis Canadensis. Arctic regions 176 Alces Malchis 187 Tarandus rangifer. Arctic regions 1 89 Cervus Canadensis 193 Cariacus Virginianus 228 Mexicanus 230 leucurus 230 Cariacus nemoralis 232 punctulatus 232 Lewisii 233 macrotis 234 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 268 b2 XVI GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. South America. Page Bos Taums. Domesticated 17 Hircus iEgagrus. Domesticated 153 Ovis Aries. Domesticated 161 Blastocerus paludosus. Brazil 224 campestris. Patagonia 224 Furcifer Antisiensis. Bolivia 227 Huamel. Chili 227 Coassus nemorivagus. Brazil 237 rufus. Brazil 238 superciliaris. Brazil 239 auritus. Brazil? 239 Puduhumilis. Chili 240 Lama Vicugna. Bolivia 256 Guanacus. Chili. Patagonia 257 Lama Glama. Domesticated 260 Pacos. Domesticated 260 CATALOGUE OF MAMMALIA. Order V. UNGULATA. Teeth irregular. Cutting and canine teeth often wanting in one or both jaws. Grinders all similar, sometimes even wanting. Toes large, covered with broad hoofs or large conical claws. Ungulata, Ray, Syn. 60, 1693 ; Link, Beytr. 1795 ; Gray, Lond. Med. Rep. xv. 305, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; Latr. Fam. Nat. 60, 1825; Pomet, Rev. Zool. 1848, 181. Multungula, Solidungula et Bisulca, Illiger, Prod. 94, 101, 103, 1811. Mam. 2. Bruta, 5. Pecora, and 6. Belluse, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. i. 26, 1/66. Gravigrades or Onguligrades normaux, Blainv. 1816, Les Edentes, Les Pachvdermes, et Les Ruminans, Cuvier, R. A. i. 215, 227, 246, 1817; ed. 2. i. 223, 1829. Edentata et Ungulata, Latr. Fam. Nat. 1825. M. ungulatorum, Storr. Prod. Main. 47, 1780. Q. Proboscidise, Tesserachenae, Tricha3n8e, Monochsenae, Hydro- phorae, et Ruminantes, Gray, Lond. Med. Rep. xv. 307, 1821. Belluae, Pecora, et Bruta, Selys Longchamps. Mam. Stereoplia, Pachydermia, et Anodonea, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 54-57, 1815. These animals have been arranged by various scientific authors in the following manner : — Ray, in the Synopsis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum, 1693, 60, divides the viviparous, hairy animals or quadrupeds, thus : — A. Ungulata. I. Solidipeda. Equus, Asinus, Zebra. II. Bisulca. \. Ruminantia. a. Bos, Ovis, Capra. 6. Cervus. 2. Non-ruminantia. Sus. A 2 MAMMALIA. III. Quadrisulca. Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, &c. B. Unguiculata. 1. Bifido. Camelus. 2. Multifido. a. Digitis inclivisis. Elephas. 3. Anomala. Tatou sive Arma- dillo, Tamandua, and Ai sive Ignavus. Linnseus {Systema Nature, ed. 12, 1/66) divides the Hoofed animals into three orders, and arranges the genera thus : — Order W. Bruta. 5. Elephas. 7- Bradypus. 8. Myrmeco- phaga. 9. Manis. 10. Dasypus. Order V. Pecora. 27- Camelus. 28. Mosehus. 29. Cervus. 30. Capra. 31. Ovis. 32. Bos. Order VI. BELLUiE. 33. Equus. 34. Hippopotamus. 35. Sus. 36. Rhinoceros. Thomas Pennant, in the Synopsis of Quadrupeds^ 1771> 8vo, divides these animals thus : — I. Hoofed Quadrupeds. 1. Whole-hoofed. Horse. 2. Cloven-hoofed. Ox, Sheep, Goat, Gu'aiFe, Antelope, Deer, Musk, Camel, Hog, Rhinoceros, Hippopotame, Tapir, Elephant. II. Digitated Quadrupeds. 4. Without cutting teeth. Sloth and Armadillo. 5. Without teeth. Manis, Ant-eater. Professor Charles Illiger {Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium, 1811) arranged the Hoofed quadrupeds as follows: — Order V. Multungula. Fam. 16. Lamnunguia. 55. Li- pura. 56. Hyrax. 17. Proboscidea. 57. Elephas. 18. Nasi- cornia. 58. Rhinoceros. 19. Obesa. 59. Hippopotamus. 20. Nasuta. 60. Tapirus. 21. Setigera. 61. Sus. Order VI. Solidungula. 22. Solidungula. 62. Equus. Order VII. Bisulca. 23. Tylopoda. 63. Camelus. 64. Auchenia. 24. Devexa. 65. Camelopardalis. 25. Capreoli. 66. Cervus. 67. Mosehus. 26. Cavicornia. 68. Antilope. 69. Capra. 70. Bos. Order VIII. Tardigrada. 27 . Tardigrada. 71- Bradypus. 72. Choloepus. 73. Prochilus. Order IX. Effodientia. 28. Cingulata. 74. Tolypeutes. 75. Dasypus. 29. Vermilingua. 76. Orycteropus. 77- Myrme- cophaga. 78. Manis. Order X. Reptantia. 30. Reptantia. 79. Tachyglossus. 80. Ornithorhynchus. 80 b. Pamphractus. C. S. Rafinesque (in his Analyse de la Nature, 12mo, 1815) divides the Hoofed quadrupeds into orders, thus : — Order IV. Stereoplia. \. Stereopodia. Yam. 8. Solipedia. Caballus. 2. Bisulcia. Fam. 9. Camelinia. Camelus, Mos- ehus. Fam. 10. Ruminalia. 1. Stereoceria, Cervus, Munt- jacus, Ghaffa. 2. Cerynxia. Taurus, Aries, Hircus, Antilope, &c. Order V. Pachydermia. Fam. 11. BeZZ^a. I. Rhinoceria. MAMMALIA. 6 Rhinoceros and Unicornus. 2. Rhineteria. Elephas, Tapirus, Aper, Tagassus, Babirussa, Pachurus. Fam. 12. Brutia. 1. Hy- raxia. Hippotamus, Hyrax. Order VI. Anodonea. 1. Bradypia. Fam. 13. Tardigradia. Bradypus, Unaus. ]4. Dasypia. Dasypus, Matacus, Oryetopus. 4. Stomalia. 15. Manisia. 1. Perilepia, Pangolinus, Phataginus. 2. Tamandania, Myi'meeophaga, Tamandua. 16. Monotremia. Echidna and Ornithorinchus. Cuvier {Reg. Animal, i. 215, 181/) places the Hoofed quadru- peds in three orders, thus : — Order I. Edentes. a. Tardigrades. 1. Paresseux (Brady- pus). 2. Megatherium, b. Edentes ordinaires. 3. Tatous. 4. Oiycteropes. 5. Fourmiliers. 6. Pangolins, c. Monotremes. /. Echidnes. 8. Ornithorinque. Order II. Pachydermes. a. Proboscidiens. 1. Elephans. 2. Mastodontes. b. Pachydermes ordinaires. 3. Hippopotames. 4. Cochons. 5. Anoplotherium. 6. Rhinoceros. J. Damans (Hyrax). 8. Palaeotherium. 9. Tapirs, c. Solidlpedes. Che- vaux (Equus). Order III. Ruminans. a. Sans comes. 1. Chameux (Ca- melus). 2. Chevrotains (Moschus). b. Avec comes. 3. Cerfs (Cervus). 4. Girafes. 5. Antelopes. 6. Chevres (Capra). 7- Moutons (Ovis). 8. Boeufs (Bos). The same arrangement, with rather more detail, is used in the second edition, pubUshed in 1829. Mr. J. E. Gray, in the Natural Arrangement of Vertebrose Ani- mals {Medical Repository, 1821, 304), arranged the Ungulated Mammalia into order thus : — Order VI. Tardigrada. 1. Bradypida. Bradypus, Unaus. Order VII. Oligodont^. 2. Dasipida. Dasypus. 3. Ory- cteropidce. Orycteropus. Order VIII. Edentul^. 1. Manidce. 1. Myrmecophaga. 2. Tamandua. 3. Cyclopes. 4. Manis. Order IX. PROBOSCiDiiE. 1. Elephantidce. Elephas. Order X. Tesserachen^. 1. HippopotamidcB. Hippo- potamus. 2. SuidcB. Sus, Phacochseres, Dicotyles, Babi- roussa. Order XI. Trichena. 1. Rhinoceridce. Rhinoceros, Mono- ceros. 2. Hyracida. Hyrax. 3. Tapiridce. Tapirus, Hydro- chaerus (suraatranus). Order XII. Monoch^na. \. Equidce. Equus. Order XIII. Hydrophora. \. Camelida;. Order XIV. Ruminantia. 1. Moschid(S. Moschus, Me- mina. 2. Cervida. Alces, Cervus, Capreolus. 3. Girafidas. Camelopardalis. 4. Antilopidce. Dorcas, Caama, Oryx, Tseeran, a2 4 MAMMALIA. Canna, Nylgau, Catablepas. 5. Caprida. Capra, Ovis. 6. Bo- vidce. Bos. Mr. Gray, in the " Outline of the Distribution of Mammalia " (Annals of Philosophy, 1825), proposes to divide the Order Ungulata thus : — I. Middle toes large, equal. Fam. 1 . Bovidae. 2. Equidse. II. Toes 3, 4, 5, subequal. Fam, 3. Elephantidae. 4. Dasy- pidae. 5. Brady pidae. This arrangement is followed in the List of Mammalia in the Collection of the British Museum, 1843 ; the List of Osteologieal Specimens in the British Museum, 1847 ; the List of Mammalia and Birds of Nepaul, presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum ; and in this work. Dr. J. B. Fischer (in the Synopsis Mammalium, 8vo, 1828) combines together the Linnaean and Cuvierian arrangement, and arranges the Hoofed Mammalia thus : — Order VI. Bruta. a. 102. Bradypus. 104. Das}q)us. 105. Orycteropus. 106. Myrmecophaga. 107. Manis. b. 108. Echid- na. 109. Ornithorhynchus. Order VIL Bellua. 110. Elephas. 112. Tapirus. 115. Rhinoceros. 117- Hyrax. 118. Dicotyles. 119. Sus. 120. Pha- cochoerus. 121. Hippopotamus. 126. Equus. Order VIII. Pecora. 127. Camelus. 128. Lama. 129. Mos- chus. 130. Cervus. 131. Camelopardalis. 132. Antilope. 133. Capra. 134. Bos. ' Wagler, in the Naturl. System Amphibien, 1830, divides the Hoofed animals thus : — Order VI. ScROFiE. 1. Dycotyles. 2. Sus. 3. Porcus. 4. Phacochaerus. 5. Rhinochaerus. 6. Elephas. 7- Hippopo- tamus. 8. Rhinoceros. Order VII. Hyraces. 1. Hyrax. Order XIII. Cameli. 1. Camelus and Dromedarius. 2. Ca- melopardalis. Order XIV. Pecora. 1. Moschus. 2. Cervus. 3. Bos. Order XV. Equi. 1. Equus. Order XVII. Orycteropodes. 1. Chlamydophorus. 2. Che- loniscus. 3. Xenurus. 4. Euphractus. 5. Dasypus. 6. Toly- peutes. 7. Orycteropus. Order XVIII. Glottides. 1. Manis. 2. Uroleptes. 3. Myr- mydon. 4. Myrmecophaga. He forms a new class called Gryphi, containing Order I. Ornithorhynchi. Fam. 1. Glossilepti, 1. Tachy- glossus. Fsim.2. Autarchoglossi. 1. Ornithorhynchus, arranged with the fossil Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus and Ornitho- cephalus. MAMMALIA. O Latreille (Fam. Nat. Reg. Anim. 596. in 1830) divides the Hoofed quadrupeds (Ungulata) thus : — Order IX, Pachyderm a. Fam. 1. Fentadactyla. Elephas. 2. Tridactyla. Tapirus, Rhinoceros. .3. Fissipedes. Hyrax, Dicotyles, Sus, Hippopotamus. 4. Solipedes. Equus. Order X. Pecora. Fam. 1. Inermia. Camelus, Mosehus. 2. Plenicornia. Cervus and Giraifa. 3. Tubicornia. Antilope, Bos, Capra, Ovis. M. Lesson {Nouveau Tahl. du Regne Animal, 1842) arranges the Hoofed quadrupeds in the following orders : — Suborder III. Heterodonta. Cutting teeth none ; teeth sometimes quite wanting. Suborder IV. Edentata, a. Terrestria. Fam. 41. Dasypo- dincB. 206. Dasypus. 1. Dasypus. 2. Tatusia. 3. Priodontes. 4. Chlamyphorus. 42. Myrmecophaginece. 207. Myrmeeo- phaga. 1. Myrmecophaga. 2. Tamandua. 3. Cyelothuru«. 43. Orycteropidece. 208. Oiycteropus. 44. Manisidce. 209. Manis. 1. Pangolinus. 2. Phataginus. Tribe 5. Unguligrada. 1, Pachydermata. 1. Gravigrada. Fam. 46. Elephasidce. 212. Elephas. 47. Hippopotamisidece. 213. Hippopotamus. 48. Rhinocerosideee. 214. Rhinoceros- 2. Fissipeda. 49. Susidece. 215. Tapirus. 216. Phacochcerus. 217. Babirusa. 218. Sus. 219. Dicotyles. 50. Hyraxineoe. 220. Hyrax. 3. Solidungula. 52. Equideoe. 221. Equus. a. Equus. b. Asinus. 11. Pecora. 53. Camelesidece. 222. La- ma. 223. Camelus, 54. Camelopardinece. 224. Camelopardalis. 55. CervisidecB. 225. Cervus. 1. Alces. 2. Rangifer. 3. Dama. 4. Elaphus. 5, Rusa. 6. Axis. 7. Capreolus. 8. Cariacus. 9. Cervequus. 10. Subula. 11. Stylocerus. 56. Moschesidece. 226. Mosehus. 1. Mosehus. 2. Memina. 3. Napu. 57- An- tilopecB. 227. Antilope. I. Antilope. 2. Gazella. 3. Dama. 4. Redunca. 5. Tragulus. 6. Raphicerus. 7- Tetracerus. 8. Cephalophus. 9. Spinigera. 10. Neotragus. 11. Nemorhedus. 12. Rupicapra. 13. Capricomis. 14. Dicranocerus. 15. Pan- tholops. 16. Anoa. 17- iEgocerus. 18. Oryx. 19. Alcelaphus. 20. Tragelaphus. 21. Boselaphus. 22. Oreas. 68. Ovesidece. 228. Kemas. 229. Antilocapra. 230. Capra. 231. Ovis. 232. Ovibos. 59. Bovesidece. 233. Catoblepas. 234. Bibos. 235. Bos. 1. Bison. 2. Bubalus. 3. Taurus. Order III. Ornithodephie. 1. Insectivora. Fam. 69. EchidnecB. 260. Echidna. 2. Vermivora. Fam. 70. Para- doxidece. 261. Ornithorhynchus. Mr. Richard Owen {Odontography , 1840-1845) divides the Ungulata thus : — I. Isodactyle. " Hoofed quadrupeds with toes in even number. b MAMMALIA. as two or four, and which have a more or less comphcated stomach with a moderate-sized simple caecum, as Ox, Hog, Peccary, and Hippopotamus. II. Anisodactyle. " Hoofed quadrupeds with toes (on the hind feet at least) in uneven number, as one, or three, or five, the latter number being manifest in the Proboscidians. All these have a simple stomach and an enormous caecum, as Horse, Tapir, Rhi- noceros. III. Proboscidians. " Resembling the preceding in having toes in uneven number, in having a comparatively simple stomach and an enormous caecum, but combining with a long proboscis so many other peculiarities of structure as to merit the rank of a distinct group of Ungulata." In the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for 1848, p. 131, with his usual fondness of renaming old groups, Mr. Owen proposes to change the name he has given to the above group to — 1. Artiodactyla, 2. Perissodactyla, and 3. Prohoscidia. In this paper the recent genera are arranged in the following order : — I. Artiodactyla. * Ruminantia. I. Moschus. 2. Antilope. 3. Ovis. 4. Bos. 5. Cervus. 6, Camelopardalis. 7. Camelus. ** Non- Ruminantia. 1. Hippopotamus. 9. Dicotyles. 10. Pha- cochaerus. 11. Sus. II. Perissodactyla. 12. Tapirus. 13. Equus. 14. Hy- rax. 15. Rhinoceros. III. Proboscidia. 16. Elephas. This arrangement is only founded on the consideration of the osteological conformation of the foot, and has the disadvantage of most artificially separating a very natural group recognized by Aristotle, Ray, Linnaeus, lUiger, Cuvier, and all recent authors, between two divisions of the order. Cuvier, Fleming, Blainville and others properly used the character here adopted to the whole group for the division of the Pachydermata into subdivisions. Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte (in his Prodromus Systematis Mastozoologiee, 1847) arranges these animals in four orders, thus : — Subclass I. Educabilia. Ord. V. Bellu^e. Fam. 13. Ele- phantida. Subfam. 23. Elephantina. 24. Rhinocerotina. 25. Hip- popotamina. Fam. 14. Suidcs. 26. Tapirina. 27. Suina. 28. Anoplotherina. Fam. 15. Hyracidce. 29. Hyracina. Fam. 16. Equidce. 30. Equina. Order VI. Pecora. Fam. 17- Camelidce. 31. Camelina. Fam. 18. Cervidce. 32. Moschina. 33. Cervina. Fam. 19. Came- lopardalidce. 34. Camelopardalina. Fam. 20. Bovidce. 35. An- tilopina. 36. Boviiia. MAMMALIA. 7 Subclass XL Ineducabili A. Ord. VII. Bruta. Fam. 21. Myrmecophagidce. 37. Manidina. 38. Myrmecophagina. Fam. 22. DasypodidcB. 39. Dasypodina. 40. Or}^cteropodma. Fam. 23. Bradypodidce. 41. Bradypodina. Series II. Ovovipara. Order XII. Monotremata. Fam. 40. Echidnidce. 74. Echidnina. Ysiva. 41. Ornithorhynchinidce. 75. Omithorhynchina. Mr. Turner, in his paper on the Skulls of Ungulated Mam- malia (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 158), adopts Mr. Owen's names for his orders, and an-anges the genera as follows : — I. Artiodactyla. a. Ruminantia. 1. Bovidce. Bos, Ovis, Capra, Antilope. 2. Cervidos. Cervus and Camelopardalina. 3. Moschida. Mosehina, Diehobudina. 4. Camelidce. Ano- plotheriana and Camelina. B. Non- Ruminantia. 5. Hippopota- midce. Hippopotamina, Dieotylina. 6. Suidcs. II. Perissodactyla. a. Typica. 7- Rhinocerotidae, Equina, Rhinocerina. B. Aberrantia. 8. Elephantidae. 9. Toxodontidae. 10. Manatidae. Synopsis of the Families. I. Two middle toes large, equal. Bones of the metacarpus and metatarsus united. 1. BoviD^. Two middle toes separate; cutting teeth f or f; grinders f ; frontal bones generally homed ; gullet with two pouches. 2. Equid^. Two middle toes soldered into one ; cutting teeth f ; gullet and stomach simple. II. Toes 3, 4, 5 to each foot, nearly equal. Teeth nearly in one series. 3. Elephantid^. Grinders rooted, transversely ridged ; toes 3'3, 3"4 or 55, last joint covered with a hoof; skin thick, nearly naked ; hairs large, rigid ; gullet simple. 4. Dasypid^. Grinders rootless ; crown flat, sometimes want- ing; face long, acute; body armed with scales or rigid hairs. 5. Bradypid^. Grinders rootless ; crown when young conical ; face round ; limbs elongate ; hair diy, crisp ; stomach two- or three-celled. 8 MAMMALIA. Or the Families may be arranged according to their teeth, thus : — I. Teeth well-developed, rooted. Fore-arm constantly prone. Toes hoofed. Bovid(B. Stomach for ruminating ; toes 4, middle large. Equidce. Stomach not ruminating ; toes '6, middle large. Elephantidce. Stomach not ruminating ; toes subequal. II. Teeth wanting, or imperfect, rootless. Toes longly clawed. Dasypid(B. Face elongate. Bradypididee. Face short. Section 1. Furcipeda. Two middle toes large, equal ; bones of the metacarpus and metatarsus united. Ungulata, Sect. 1, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. Isodactyle, part., and Anisodactyle, part., Owen, Odontography, Artiodactvla, part., and PerissodactyIa,part., Owen, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1848, 131 ; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 158. Stereoplia Bisulcia, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 55. 1815. Pecora, Sundevall, Kongl. Vet. Akad. Hand. 1844 ; Pecora, 1848. Fam. 1. BoviDiE. Two middle toes separate. Cutting teeth eight below ; upper jaw callous ; grinders &'& in each jaw. Frontal bones produced, generally bearing horns, especially in the males. Gullet with two long pouches just before the stomach, used for holding and soaking the food before it is chewed. Using their head and horns in defence. Ruminantia, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 192; Bronn, Ind. Paleont. ii. 708. Q. Ruminantia et Q. Camelinum, Ray, Syn. 60. 1693. Bovidge, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; List Mam. B. Mus. xxvi. ; Storr. Prod. Mam. 1780 ; Lesson in Tab. R. A. 167 ; Fischer, Syn. 1828. Mam. Pecora, Linn. S. N. ed. 12. i. 90 ; Latr. Fam. Nat. 62. 1825; Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 431. 1830; Eichwald, Zool. Spec. iii. 341. 1831. Les Rurainans (Ruminantia), Cuvier, Tab. Elem. 1798; Dum. Z. A. 1806; Cuvier, R. A. i. 246. 1817, ed. 2. i. 254; Besm. N. D. H. N. xxiv. 31, 1804; F. Cuvier, 1829; Dent. Mam. 227; Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 511. MAMMALIA. 9 Bisulca, Illiger, ProtZ. 1 02. 1 8 1 1 . Cameli et Pecora, Wagler, Amph. 1831. Gravigrades normaux, Blainv. Q. Hyfbophorae et Rurainantes, Gray, L. M. Rep. xv. 307. 1821. M. Callodactyles, Pomet, Rev. Zool. 1848, 283. Ruminalia (Stereoceria et Cerynxia), Rafin. Anal. Nat. 55. 1815. Ruminantia et Coelocerata, Bronn, Index Palceont. ii. 788. Cerophorus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 74; Gervais, Supp. N. Diet. Sci. Nat. i. Pecora unguligrada et digitigrada, Sundevall, Pecora. Isodactyla, part., Owen, Odontography, 1845. Ai-tiodactyla Ruminantia, Owen, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1848, 31 ; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Desmarest in his Tableau Method, des Mammiferes {N. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxiv. 33. 1804) divides the Ruminants '(Pecora) into the following sections : — 1. Camel and Musk. 2. Stags. 3. Giraffes. 4. Antelopes, Goats, Sheep and Oxen. M. de Blainville in his Notes on Ruminants {Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 7^) divides them thus : — No horns — 1. Chameaux. 2. Cerfs. Including Cervulus and Moschus. With horns — 3. Giraffe, and 4. Cerophorus. Including Au- tilope, Capra, Ovis vel Ammon, Ovibos and Bos. Mr. Gray, in the " Outline of the Distribution of Mammaha " {Ann. Phil. 1825), proposed to divide the Bovidce thus : — I. Horns persistent. 1. Bovina. 2. Camelopardina. II. Horns none or deciduous. 3. Camelina. 4, Moschina. 5. Cervina. Colonel Hamilton Smith (Griffith, A. Kingd. v. . 1827 ; Fischer, Syn. 609. 1830) proposed to divide them thus : — I. Camelidji;, containing — 1. Camelus. 2. Auchenia. II. Cervid^. 1. Moschus. 2. Cervus. III. GiRAFFiD^. 1. Camelopardalis. IV. Caprid^. 1. Antilope. 2. Capra. 3. Ovis. 4. Damalis. V. BoviD^. 1. Catoblepas. 2. Ovibos. 3. Bos. Mr. Ogilby, in a pa])er on the genera of Ruminantia {Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 133), proposed to di^^de them thus : — I. Camelid^. 1. Camelus. 2. Auchenia. II. Cervid^. 1. Camelopardalis. 2. Tarandus. 3. Alces. 4. Cervus, Capraea (Capreolus), Prox (Muntjac). III. MoscHiD^. 1. Moschus. 2. Ixalus. 3. Hinnulus and Capreolus. IV. CAPRiDiE. (Muffle none, browsers.) 1. Mazama. 2. Ma- a5 10 MAMMALIA. doqua. 3. Antilope. 4. Gazella. 5. Ovis. 6. Capra. 7. Ovibos. V. BoviDiE. (Muffle naked, grazers.) 1. Tragulus (Ant. pyg- meus). 2. Sylvicapra (A. Mergens). 3. Tragelaphus (A. picta). 4. Calliope (A. Strepsiceros). 5. Kemas (A. Goral). 6. Capri- eomis (A. Thar). 7. Bubalus (A. Bubalus). 8. Oryx (A. Oryx). 9. Bos. Lesson {Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 167. 1842) divides them into — 1. Camelisidae. 2. Camelopardinae. 3. Cervisidae. 4. Mos- chisidae. 5. Antilopeae. 6. Ovesidese. 7. Bovesideae. Mr. Hodgson, in an Essay on various genera of Ruminants (Journ. Acad. N. S. Calcut. 1847; Mission Press, 1847), proposes to (hvide them into — 1. Cervidce or Haranadi ; 2. Moschidce or Mushkadi ; 3. the CavicornicB minores or Flocks, as Antilopidce or Sasinadi; 4'. Cavicornice majores or Herds, as BovidcB or Gau- drisha. Professor Carl Sundevall in his Essay on Pecora {Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1844, 1846; a7id Hornschuch, Archiv, ii. 1848) proposes the following arrangement: — A. Unguligrada. a. Cervicornia. I. Camelopardalina. I. Camelopardalis. II. Cervina. 2. Alces. 3. Rangifer, 4. Cer- vus, 5. Capreolus. 6. Prox. 7- Moschus. 8. Tragulus. b. Bovi- cornia. III. Sylvicaprina. a. 9. Tetraceras. 10. Tragelaphus. II. Sylvicapra. 12. Neotragus. 13. Nanotragus. 14. Callo- tragus. b. 15. Cervieapra. 16. Strepsiceros. 17. Hippotragus. IV. Bovina. a. 18. Portax. 19. Damalis. 20. Anoa. 21. Bos. b. 22. Ovibos. 23. Catoblepas. 24. Oryx. V. Antilopina. 25. Bubalis. 26. Antilope. 27. Dicranoceras. VI. Caprina. 28. Ovis. 29. Capra. 29 b. Rupicapra. 29 c. Hemitragus. 30. Nemorhedus. 31. Oreotragus. B. DiGiTiGRADA. VI. Cameliua. 32, Camelus. 33. Au- chenia. M. Pucheran {Compt. Rendus Acad. Scien. 1849, 775) divides the Ruminantes into three families : — 1. Les Camelides. 2. Les Tragulides (Moschus). 3. Les Cervides. The latter is divided into two tribes : — 1 . Les Cerviens. 2. Les Boviens. M. F. Cuvier observes : — " Mais tous ces essais ne sont point encore de nature a satisfaire la methode naturelle, et lesnaturahstes doivent encore chercher a decouvrir quelles sont les parties qui, chez ces animaux, sont propres a caracteriser les genres." — Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 514. 1829. Mr. Ogilby remarks {Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 133) :— " The presence or absence of horns in one or both sexes ; the substance and nature of these organs, whether solid or concave, permanent MAMMALIA. 11 or deciduous ; the form of the upper lip, whether thin and at- tenuated as in the Goat, or terminating m a broad heavy naked muzzle as in the Ox, and the existence of lachrymal sinuses and interdigital pores, are the characters which really influence the habits and oeconomy of Ruminating animals, and upon which their generic distinction mainly depends." He continues : — " That the presence or absence of horns in the female regulates in a great measure the social intercourse of the sexes ; that upon the form of the lips and muzzle, the only organs of touch and prehension among the Ruminantia, de- pends the nature of the food and habitat, making the animal a grazer or a browser, as the case may be ; and that the existence or non-existence of the interdigital glands, the uses of which appear to be to lubricate the hoofs, has a very extensive in- fluence upon the geographical distribution of the species, con- fining them to the rich savannah and moist forest, or enabling them to roam over the arid mountain, the parched karroo, and the biu'ning desert." ^ Mr. H. N. Turner obsen^es : — " It is certainly remarkable, that while the teeth have contributed so important a share in the characters by which the Mammaha have been arranged by va- rious authors, they should have been so entirely overlooked in the members of the present division; for notwithstanding the great uniformity and strongly-marked character pervading the Ruminant dentition, very decided characters may frequently be found in the form and direction of the incisors, and in the pre- sence or absence of the supplemental lobe in the molars ; and it is the more to be wondered at when we consider that the incisors, from their position, may often easily be seen in dried specimens, and that the character alluded to in the molars has been found of considerable value in the interpretation of fossil remains." — Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Synopsis of the Tribes. I. Horns permanent, covered with a permanent horny coat or hairy skin. Cutting teeth only in lower jaw. 1. BoviNA. Horns covered with homy sheaths. 2. GiRAFFiNA. Horns covered with a hairy skin, with a tuft of hair at the tip. II. Horns deciduous, covered when young with a deciduous hairy skin, or entirely wanting. 3. Cervina. Cutting teeth none above. Horns deciduous. Back of tarsus hairy. 12 MAMMALIA. 4. MoscHiNA. Cutting teeth none above. Horns none. Back of tarsus bald. 5. Camelina. Cutting teeth 8 above and below. Horns none. Hoofs small, compressed. Subfamily I. Horns permanent, covered v^•ith a permanent horny coat or hairy skin. Cutting teeth only in lower jaw ; front edge of upper jaw callous. Hoofs triangular. Tribe 1. Bovina. Horns expanded from a smooth horny rudiment into a perma- nent horny sheath to the conical process of the frontal bone. Bos, Linn. S. N. Capra, Ovis et Bos, Linn. S. N. Bovidse, Selys Longchamps, 1842. Bovina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; List Mam. B. M. xxvi. Q. Bovinum, Q. Ovinura, et Q. Caprinum, Ray, Syn. 60, 1693. Cavicornia, Illiger, Prod. 106, 184. Tubicornia, Latr. Fam. Nat. 1825. Capridse et Bovidse, H. Smith, Griffith, A. K. iv. 182. Antilopidae, Capridaj et Bovidae, Gray, Lond. Med. Rep. xv. 308, 1821. Les Kinoceres ou Ruminants a comes osseuses (Bos, &c.), Du- vernoy. Tab. Anim. Vert. Les Ruminans a cornes osseusse, F.. Cuv. 1829. Antilopiens, Pomef, I. c 184. Ruminalia Cerynxia, Rajin. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. Pecora Unguligrada Bovicornia, Sundevall, Pecora, 64. Fam. Sylvicaprina, Bovina, Antilopina et Caprina, Sundevall, Pe- cora, 64. Mr. Gray, in his paper " On the Arrangement of the Hollow- horned Ruminants (BovidcB)" {Annals ^' Mag. Nat. Hist. 1849, xviii. 229), observes, " The systematic arrangement of these animals has been one of the most difficult subjects for the stu- dent of mammalia. " Linnaeus {Syst. Nat. i. 27), in his last edition of the Sy- stema Naturce, divides them into three genera according to the direction of the horn, which he describes as erect in Capra, re- clinate in Ovis, and porrect in Bos, and separates these from Cervus because they have tubular, while that genus has solid branched and deciduous horns. " Gmeliu in his edition adds to these the genus Antilope, which had been established by Pallas, and characterizes that genus as having solid horns like the Cervi, but simple and })ersistent. Now I need scavcelv observe that these characters will not define MAMMALIA. 13 the genera, for all Goats have not erect horns, if any have, and it is the same with the other genera; and we all know that the Antelopes have tubular horns, in the sense that word is used by Linnaeus, as much as the Oxen, Sheep and Goats ; but this error of Gmelin has had its influence up to this time, for the horns of Antelopes in Cuvier's first and last edition of Le Regne Animal are described as having ' the nucleus of the horn sohd, and without pores or sinuses, like the horns of the Stags.' " M. Geoffroy, perceiving that the characters furnished by Lin- naeus were not sufficient to separate the Antelopes from the other genera, examined the structure of the prominences of the frontal bones which form the core or support of the horns of the Antelopes, and he describes the core of the horns of the Ante- lopes to be solid and without sinuses, while he characterizes the cores of the horns of the Goats, Sheep and Oxen as in great part occupied with cells which communicate with the frontal sinus, and Cuvier, Latreille and most authors have without re-exami- nation adopted these characters. " Some years ago 1 examined the cores of the horns of many species of Antelopes for Colonel H. Smith, and found they were all more or less cellular within, and these cells had a communi- cation with the frontal sinus ; certainly the cells are not so nu- merous as in the thick horns of some Oxen, but they are quite as numerous for the thickness of the core ; but it is to be remem- bered that the general character of the horns of Antelopes is to be slender and elongated, and consequently there is not so much room for cells, as their presence would destroy the strength of the core, so as not to form a fit support for the horns ; and thus this character is merely reduced to one dependent on the small size or slendeniess of the horns, which, though usual, is not uni- versal in the genus, for example in the A. Oreas and others. " Colonel Smith, aware of this difficulty, divided these animals into two families : Capridce, characterized by having the horns ' vaginating upon an osseous nucleus totally or nearly solid,' containing the genera Antilope, Capra, Ovis, and a new genus which he called Damalis for the Antelopes with high \^ithers; and second, the family Bovidce, with horns ' vaginating vipon a bony nucleus not solid, but more or less ])orous and cellular,' including the genera Catoblepas or Gnu, Ovibos or Musk Ox, and Bos*. " This arrangement shows that much reliance is certainly not to be placed on M. GeoflFroy's character for the genus Antilope, * I may remark that Cuvier says that the genus Bos has a large naked muffle, yet two species which he refers to it have a hairy muzzle like the Sheep, viz. B. moschatus. 14 MAMMALIA. for here the Goat and Sheep are said to have the same peeuharity as he gives to separate the Antelopes from them. " Several authors after this period considered the subgenera proposed by De Blainville and Colonel H. Smith as genera, and grouped them into families. " Mr. Ogilby, in a theoretical arrangement of Ruminants, pub- lished in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1836, divides these animals into two families, characterized thus : Ca- prides, ' muffle none ;' Bovidce, ' muffle distinct, naked.' Of this arrangement I need only remark, that he places Ovibos in Ca- pridcB and Bos in Bovida, Kemas or the Jemla Goat in Bovidce, and Capra in CapridcB, thus separating into distinct families most nearly allied species ; while the genus Ixalus, which is a sheep or antelope with rudimentary horns, is referred to the fa- mily MoschidcB, and the Gnu is entirely overlooked. I am satis- fied, if Mr. Ogilby had attempted to arrange a collection by this system, he must have soon abandoned it. " Within the last few years Professor Sundevall of Stockholm has proposed to arrange these animals according to the form of their hoofs, and he has regarded the subgenera of preceding authors as genera, and di^dded them into four families, thus : 1 . Caprina, containing Ovis, Capra, Nemorhedus and Oreotragus. 2. Antilopina : Antilope, Dicranoceras and Bubalus. 3. Bovina : Oryx, Catoblepas, Ovibos, Bos, Anoa, Portax, Damalis. A. Syl- vicaprina : Hippotragus, Strepsiceros, Cervicapra, Calotragus, Nanotragus, Neotragus, Sylvicapra, Tragelaphus and Tetracerus. In this an'angement he appears to have overlooked the fact, that the hoofs of these animals are modified according to the kind of country which the animal is destined to inhabit, and therefore this arrangement is dependent on that single circum- stance, and not on the considerations of all the peculiarities of the species ; hence the species which inhabit rocky pinnacles, as the Thar and Ghoral (Nemorhedus) and Klipspringer (Oreotra- gus), are separated from the other Antelopes and placed with the Goats, and the large and heavy Antelopes which inhabit the plains, as the Oryx, Portax and Damalis, are placed with the Oxen. " If this system is fully carried out, the Rein Deer should be separated from its allies and placed with the Musk Ox ; and I am not certain that the Addax Antelope should not be arranged in the same group, for it has the same shaped hoofs, the sands of the Desert probably reqmring the same structure for progression as the snow. " After examining all these arrangements, and after repeated examinations of the animals, I believe that the form of the horns affords the most natural character for subdividing them into groups ; and I think that if the Antelopes are divided into two MAMMALIA. 15 groups, which appear to me natural, then there is no dijficulty in finding neat characters for the definitions of the famiHes." Synopsis of the Subtribes. I. The horns round or compressed, without any raised keel on the inner front angle. 1. The horns smoothish, spread out on the sides, cylindrical or depressed at the base, the knee (or wrist) below the middle of the fore-leg — Bovece. 2. The horns conical, bent back, cylindrical or compressed, and ringed at the base, the knee (or wrist) in the middle of the fore-leg — Antilopece. II. The horns subangular with a more or less distinct ridge on the front angle, the knee in the middle of the fore-leg. 3. The horns subspiral, erect; crumen distinct; forehead flat ; male not bearded. — Strepsicerece. 4. The horns recurved, compressed; crumen none; forehead concave ; male bearded — Caprece. 5. The horns spiral, bent out on the sides; crumen none; forehead convex ; male not bearded — Ovece. The position of the knee is the external mark of the shortness of the cannon bone, compared with the length of the ulna or fore-arm bone. Section 1. The horns round or compressed, without any raised keel on the inner front angle — Levicornia. Gray, Ann, Sf Mag. N. H. 1847, 230. Subtribe I. Bovece. The horns smoothish, spread out on the sides, cylindi'ical or depressed at the base ; situated on the frontal ridge and bent laterally outward, and recurved at the tip. The nose is broad, with the nostrils on the side. The skull has no suborbital pit or fissm'e; the cutting-teeth are nearly equal- sized, and slightly shelving outwards. The knee (or wrist) below the middle of the fore-leg, the cannon bone being shorter than the fore-arm bone. Boveae, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1847, 230 ; Gleanings Knows- ley Menag. Bos, Unn. S. N. i. ; Gmelin,S. N. i. 202; Illiger, Prod. 107; Cuv. R. A. i. 278; Blainv. B. S. Philom. 1816, 76; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Bovidge, part., Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 138 ; Hodgson,!. A. S. Beng. 1847. Bovina and Antilopina, part., Sundevall, Pecora. Taurus, Rajinesque, Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. 16 MAMMALIA. Colonel Hamilton Smith divides the Bovece into three tribes, thus: l.Bubalus. 2. Bison. 3. Tomn^.— Griffith, A. K.\. 1827; Fischer, Syn. ii. 651. Professor Sundevall arranges the genera of this subtribe thus : A. 1. Anoa. 2. Bos. Subdivided thus : a. Bos. /3. Poephagus and Bubalus. y. Bison. B. 3. Ovibos, — Kongl. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1846, and in Hornschueh Arch. 1848. Mr. Hodgson, in his ' Illustrations of the genera of Boindce,' divides the species into the genera — 1. Bos(domesticus). 2. Bibos (cavifrons and gaveus). 3. Bison or Bisonius (Americanus and })oephagus). 4, Bubalus (Arna) — from the character of the skull and other parts of the skeleton. See Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. x. 449. 1847. Mr. Gray, in the Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 22.9, observes, " The Bovea consist of the genera Bos, Bibos, Bison, Bubalus and Anoa, vnth a naked moist muifie, and Poephagus and Ovibos with a hairy ovine muzzle. " These genera are well distinguished by the form of the inter- maxillaries. In Poephagus (grunniens), Bibos {frontatus and Gour), and in Bison ( Urus), they are short, triangular, acute be- hind, and not reaching to the nasal, being gradually shorter in proportion from Poephagus to Bison. In Bos (Taurus) and Bubalus [Buffelus and Coffer) they are elongate, reaching to the suture between the nasal and cheek-bone, and extending furthest up in B. Buffelus.'" A. Muffle broad, moist at the end of the nose. Hair short, rigid, adpressed, or short, crisp and woolly. The grinder with a well-developed supplementary lobe. The bony part of the tail produced, elongated, reaching to the hocks. Living on the plains of warm or temperate regions. The Oxen of the Plains, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1849; Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1848, 229. a. True Oxen. Bodies covered with rather stiff hair. Shoulder proportionate to the haunches ; the cannon bone of the hind- and fore-legs of equal length. True Oxen, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1849. * Intermaxillaries elongate, and produced behind and between the nasal and cheek bones j the upper lip bald, callous and moist, as wide as the outer edge of the nostrils. 1. Bos. Horns cylindrical, conical, nearly circular at the base, curved upwards and outwards, far apart at the base, on the sides of the MAMMALIA. 17 upper part of the ridge at the hinder end of the occipital plane. The facial and frontal portion of the skull equal. Dorsal ridge distinct, sometimes produced into a dorsal hump. Bos, sp., Linn. ; Desm. 1804 ; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Taurus, Storr. Prod. Mam. 17; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182. Bos (and Boves), Sundevall, Pecora, 75. Bos, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1849. 1. Bos Taurus. The Bull. Forehead flat ; ^^-ithers not humped. Bos Taurus, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. c. 45, 46 ; Gesner, Quad. 24- 103, fig. ; Aldrov. Bisulc. 13. fig. p. 36; Jonston, Quad. t. 15. Taurus castratus, Jonston, Quad. t. l5. Vacca, Gesner, Quad. 25. fig. Vitutus, Jonston, Quad. t. 15. Bos domesticus, Jonst. Quad. 36. t. 14 ; Linn. Mus. Adolph. Frid. i. 12; Brisson, Reg. An. 78. Bos Taurus, Linn. Fn. Suec. 15 ; Sgst. Nat. i. 98 j Gmelin, S. N. i. 202; Cuvier in Diet. Sci. Nat. v. 19; Desm. Nov. Diet. H. N. iii. 536 ; Mamm. 499 ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 370 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 499 ; Gray, List Mam. Brit. Mus. 151 ; List Osteol. sp. B. M. 53; List of Mr. Hodgson's Collection, 24. Bos (Taurus) tam'us, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 185. Bull, Penn. Syn. 4. Ox, Penn. Brit. Zool. 1 . Common Ox, Shaw, Zool. ii. 2. 397. t. 208. Stier and Ochs, Meyer, Thiere, t. 41, 42 ; Schrank, Fn. Boic. i. 47- Boeuf, Buffon, H. N. iv. 437. t. 14. Oxe, Koe, Pontopp. Dan. i. 597. Hab. Em'ope. Always in a domesticated state. 1. White Scotch Bull, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 151. Bisontes jubati, Boethius, Reg. Scot. ; Gesner, App. 4, Jig. imag. White Urus (Urus Scoticus), H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 417- Bos Urus Scoticus, Wagner, Schreb. S. 1568. Chillingham Bull, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 284 ; Knight, Mus. Animated Nature, f. 695, 696. Bos Scoticus, Swainson. Bos Taums Scoticus, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 376; Fischer, Mam. 654. Wild or White Forest Cow and Bull, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 1 9 , 4' Supp. t. 1 -ieh, Beckberlin, Abbild. 9. t. ; Pabst, Anleit. 42. Bos Taurus alpestris, Wagner, Schreb. Saugth. 1570, t. 297 D. 26. Syrian Ox, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 726, 728. 27. Moldavian Cattle, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 709. 28. Italian Campagna Bull, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 705. Boeuf de la Romagne, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 109. 29. Spanish BuUs, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 706-708. 30. Egyptian Cattle, Long, Egyptian Antiquities in Brit. Mus. ii. 57. fig. 169, lower animals. 31. Bos Madagaseariensis niveus, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. 693. 32. Bos Tinianensis niveus, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. 693. Rindvieh de Insel Tinian, Zimm. Geog. Zool. ii. 83 ; Anson, Voy. 285. Bos Taurus Tinianensis, Gmelin, S. N. i. 202 ; Fischer, Syn. M. 500. 33. Lant, Lampt oderDant, Dapper, Africke,24 ; Leon,Afrikan. 751 ; Eberl. Naturlehre, i. 287. Bos humiUs, Frisch. Natursys. i. n. 5. Bos Africanus niveus celer, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. 693. 20 MAMMALIA. 34. Der Wilde Ochse von Gebirge Nerever, Donnd. Beytr. Zool. 704; Zimm. Geog. Zool. ii. 93; Thevenot, Voy. iii. 113. 35. Die braunen Wilden Ochsen von Duguela, Donnd. Beytr. Zool. 705 ; Zimm. Geog. Zool. ii. 93 ; Marmol. Afrique, iii. 66-157. 36. Galla Ox, Salt, Travels. The Beuraye or Beurie. ? Bos Cafer, Des Mur. ^ Flor. Prevost, Voy. en Abyss, vi. 40. Bos abessinicus, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. 693, 1792; Zimmer. Geog. Zool. i. 157, ii. 94 ; Dapper, Afrik. Ins. 31 ; Lobo, Voy. Abess. 70, 1728. Bos Taurus Abyssynicus, Gmelin, S. N. 294 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 500. Hab. Abyssinia. Pair of very thick, light horns. Central Africa. Presented bv Captain Clapperton, R.N., and Major Denham. Fi- gured in Grijith, A. K. iv. t. 201. f. 4. 37. Cattle of Peauhy, Gardiner, Trav. Brazils, 278. Honis very long, wide-spreading ; colour brown. Hab.' North Brazil. 38. Cattle of Brazils, Gardiner, Trav. Brazils, 167, 173. Used to carry loads on their back. Hab. N. Brazils. 39. Cattle of Chili, Darwin, Journal, 130, 145. Hab. Chili and South America generally. 40. Nata or Niata, Darwin, Journal, 145, 146. With a pug- nose like a pug or bull dog. Hah. Buenos Ayres. Skull in Mus. Coll. Surg. 41. Falkland Island Wild Cattle, Darwin, Journal, 190, 192. Three varieties : — 1. dark brown; 2. white with, blackhead and feet ; 3. mouse colour. Hab. Falkland Islands. Introduced from France 1764. Osteology. Taureau, Daubenton, Buff. H. N. iv. t. 23. Boeuf sans comes, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 9. f. 3, 4. Bceuf dela Romagne a grandes cornes, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 109. t. 9. f. 7, 8. Petit boeuf d'Ecosse a cornes descendantes, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 109. t. 9. f. 9, 10. Bull, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 1286. f. 598. Skeleton. England. Skull. England. MAMMALIA. 21 2. Bos Indicus. The Zebu. Forehead convex; withers with a more or less large fleshy hump ; dewlap deep, waved ; the upper part of the rump shelving very much. Bos Scythicus gibbosus, Charlet. Exerc. 8. Bos Indicus, Linn. S. N. 99 ; Erxleb. Syst. 240. Bos domesticus, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. B. 1841, x. 907 ; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 289. Bos Tam-us indicus, Fischer, Syn. 499 ; Hodgson, Proc. Z. Sac. 1834, 99; Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 24. Bos Zebu, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 65, 1825. Bos pusio. Swains. Hist. Quad. 283. f. 1 13. Bos Taurus Zebu, Wagner, Schreb. 1570, t. 298, 298 a. Bos Taiu-us var., Gray, List Mam. B. M. 151 ; Cat. Osteal. Sp. B. M. 53 ; Cat. Hodgson Coll. 24. Domesticated Cows, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 348, 382. Hab. India. Always in a domestic state. 1. Little Indian Buffalo, Edw. Birds, vi. t. 200. Indian Bull, Penn. Syn. 6. t. 1. f. 2. Zebu, Buffon, H. N. xi. 439. t. 42 ; Bewick, Hist. Quad. 44. fig. Bos Indicus, Linn. S. N. i. 99. Male and female. Grey. India. Presented by Lady Whit- shed. 2. Great Indian Ox, Pennant, Quad. t. 16. f. 2, lower figure. Bos Taurus indicus, a. major, Fischer, Syn. 499. Zebu grande race, Desm. Mam. 499. Indian Ox, Bos Taurus indicus, Bennett, Gard. Zool. Sac. 1. 65. fig. A Guzzarah Bullock, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 10,975. t. 180, 199. Gun Bullock, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 10,975. t. 183, 185, 186, 187, head, t. 188, skull. The head and horns of a larger Zebu. India. Presented by Jacob Bell, Esq. 3. Bos Taurus indicus, Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. 9 > grey. Bos tam'us indicus minor, Fischer, Syn. 499. Petit Zebu, Desm. Mam. 499. A ShauiT or Sacred Bull, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 10,9/5. t. 179. Horns project forwards, and form a considerable angle with the forehead. 4. Zebus, Knight, M. A. N. f. 730-753. Horns placed nearly on the same line as the forehead ; pre- puce large, often visible in the females. 22 MAMMALIA. 5. Madras Ox, Buchanan^ Mysore, ii. 8. t. 13. f. 34. 6. Madhu Givi Oxen, Buchan. I. c. ii. 8. 1. 13. f. 35, 1. 14. f. 36,37. 7. Seringapatam Oxen, Buchan. I. c. ii. 8. t. 15. f. 38, 39. Hab. India, Mysore. 8. Two-humped Zebu. Zebu a deux bosses, Desm. Mam. 499. Bos Indicus ditophus, Fischer, Syn. 499. Hornless Zebu, Zebu sans comes, Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. Hab. India. 9. Bucharian Ox. Rindviech, Pallas, N. Nord. Beytr. iv. t. 3. Hab. Bucharia, from Arabia. 10. Nepal Ox, Hodgson; Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 24. 11. A Javanese Cow, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 10,9/4. 1. 103. Osteology. Zebu a comes, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 109. t. 9. f. 5, 6. Gun Bullock, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 188. Skull, young (lower jaw wanting). Two skulls of domesticated cattle of Nepal, male and female. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Bones of body. Nepal. Presented by H. Hodgson, Esq. 3. Bos Dante. The Dante. Face rather narrow ; forehead very flat, with the horns on the side of the high occipital ridge ; withers with a small but distinct hump. Bos elegans et parvus africanus, Bellon. Obs. 119. fig. Juvenca sylvestris, Alpin. jEg. i. 233. t. 14. f. 2. Dante, Purchas, Pilgrim, ii. 1002 ; Gunner, Geog. Zool. ii. 92 ; Marmol. Afrique, i. 52. Afrikanische Zivergochs, Borowsky, Thier. i. 42 ; Halle vierfuss. 278. Kleiner Afrikanischer Ochs, Klein, Thiere, 12. 35. Afrikanische BuiFel, Fisch. Natursys. i. Bos Cafer, ^. Bubalus africanus, Der Dante, Donnd. Beytr. Zool. 703. Bos Dante, Link, Beytr. Nat. ii. 95, 1795 ; Meyer, Zool. Arch. 188,1796. Bos Bubalus africanus, Brisson, R. A. 79. Bos Taurus africanus, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 500. Salam Buifalo, Whitfield. Dwarf Bull, Penn. Syn. 9. t. 1. f. 1, 2, 3. MAMMALIA. 23 ? Egyptian Zebu, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 723, 724 ; Long, . Egypt. Antiq. Brit. Mus. ii. 57. f. 169, lower figures. Hab. Africa. West Africa ; Salam ; Whitfield. Skin in a bad state. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. Two skulls. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. This animal agrees better than the Zebus with the figure of the Humped Cattle on the ancient Egyptian tombs. — Long's Egypt, p. 57. f. 169. Mr. Whitfield brought a pair of these animals. The male (now in the Zoological Gardens, 1850) is white, with a few brown specks on the head ; the female yellow-brown, the head even nan'ower than that of the male. Purchas describes them as yellow. Hybrids with wild species. 1. Between Bos Indicus and Bibos frontalis. Blackish, fore-legs white, face and withers brown. Gyale at Barracpore, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 10,975. t. 169, 170, copied. Jungly gau. Bos Sylhetanus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog. t. , TO or Buffalo, Sloane, Phil. Trans. 26, 1727, n. 397. p. 222. f. 2, 3 ; Pennant, Quad. 25. Arnee, Anderson, The Bee, 1792, xii. 105. fig. 267. t. . f. c. d. Bos Arnee, Shaw, Zool. iv. 400. t. 210; Kerr, Anim. Kingd. 336. t. 295 ; Blumenb. Abbild. t. 63 ; Handb. 122 ; Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. V. 27. Bubalus Arna (var. Macrocerus et Spirocerus), Hodgson, J. A. B 26 MAMMALIA. S. B. 1841, X. 912; Calcutta J. N. H. iv. 279; Icon, ined. B. M. t. 138. Bos bubalus, amee, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 495, 653. Bos Bubalus arni, Sundevall, Pecora, 202. Hab. India. Var. 3. Domestic Buffalo of the Island of the Sondes. Bos Bubalus, var. domest. Sonda, Miiller, Verh. Ind. Arch. t. 41. Osteology. Bos bubalus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 122. t. 9. f. 11, 12, 13, 1. 10. f. 7, 8, 9, 10; Daub, in Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 28. t. 41. f. 1, 2, 3 ; Blumenb. Abbild. t. 63. Horns, separate, thick, 48 inches long, 18 inches in circum- ference at base. India, Skull and honas. India. Horns, very long, separate, 78 inches. Skull and \\ovn%.— Figured Griffith, A. K. t. 201. f. 23. Skull and horns. Horns, separate, slender. India. Skull and horns. Frontal bone and horns, short. Skull, with horns, polished. Neilgheries. Presented by Ge- neral Hardwicke. Skull, with horns, domestic variety. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Two skulls with horns, wild variety. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. B. B. macrocerus, Hodgson, I. c. 912. A pair of broad elongated horns. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. A pair of horns, very slender. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull, with horns, tame variety. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. B. B. spirocerus, Hodgson, I. c. 912. Dravtings. Drawing of a male. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 138. f. 1, copied. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Dramng of four specimens. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B.M.t. 139, •'opied t. 141. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of four specimens. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B.M.t. 140, Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of a male, three years old, with details of head. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 142. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq, Drawing of horns of wild. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 145. f. 1, a. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq, MAMMALIA. 27 Drawing of horns of tame. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.t. 145. f. 3. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of two horns of Indian Buffalo sent to Zool. Soc. — Hardwicke, Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 173, 174. Drawing of horns of Indian Buffalo. — Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 175, 177. Drawing of horns of domesticated Buffalo of Prince of Wales* Island. — Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 176. Domestic Buffalo of Polu Penang. — Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M, 10,974. t. 108. Common domesticated Buffalo of Bengal. — Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,974. t. 105. Drawdns: of Indian Buffalo. — Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 172, 178. " The Bhainsa or Tame Buffalo are universal in India. The Arna or Wild Buffalo inhabits the margins rather than the inte- rior of primaeval forests. They never ascend the mountains, and adhere, like the Rhinoceros, to the most swampy sites of the district they inhabit. There is no animal upon which ages of domesticity have made so small an impression as upon the Buffalo, the tame being still most clearly referable to the wild ones at present fre- quenting all the great swampy jungles of India." — Hodgson. " In the wilderness, as in the cow-house, there is a marked distinction between the long- (Macrocerus) and curved-homed (Spirocerus) Buffaloes. " The Arna ruts in autumn, gestating ten monthg, and pro- duces one or two young in summer. It lives in large herds, but in the season of love the most lust)' males lead off and ap- propriate several females, with which they form small herds for the time. The wild Buffalo is fully one-third larger than the largest tame breeds, measuring 10^ feet from snout to vent, and 6 or 6i feet high at the shoulders, and is of such power and vigour, as by his charge frequently to prostrate a well-sized ele- phant. It is remarkable for the uniform shortness of the tail, which does not extend lower than the hock, for the tufts which cover the forehead and knees, and lastly, for the great size of its horns ; they are uniformly in high condition, so unlike the lean- ness and angularity of the domestic Buffalo even at its best." — Hodgson. ** Horns much enlarged and close together at the base, spreading out on the side of the head and recurved at the tip ; ribs very wide, t. 2. S\Ticerus (Caffer), Hodgson, Various gen. Ruminants, IS47 ,25, note. Bubalus, sp., Ham. Smith in Griffith A. K. b2 28 MAMMALIA. 3. BuBALUs CAFFER. The Cape Buffalo. Forehead broad. Horns roundish at the end, depressed, and very rugose at the base ; near the base becoming dilated, at length very broad, rugose, very convex, and close together over the forehead. Ears very large, half as large as the head, broad, acute, ciliated. Skin bluish purjile or black, nearly naked, with some two-rowed diverging bristles on the middle of the back. Bos caifer, Sparm. K. S. Veter. Akad. 1774-79, t. 3; Griffith, A. K. iv. 384. t. . young, V, 889; Harris, Wild Animals Africa, 1. 13, and head; Zimmerm. Geogr. Gesch. ii. 90; Gmelin, S. N. i. 207 ; Schreb. Saugth. t. 301 ; Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. V. 28; Reg. Anim. i. 271 ; Desm. Nouv. Diet. H. N. iii. 527 ; Mam. 494 ; Ency. Meth. t. 45. f. 5 ; Thunh. Mem. Act. Pe- tersb. iii. 318; Vollborth, Comm. Anat. Berol. 1826; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 367 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 494, 652. Bubalus caffer. Gray, List Mam. B. M. 153; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 54 ; Turner, Proc. Z. Soc. 1849. Cape Ox, Pennant; Shaw, Zool. ii. 416; Harris, W. Anim. Afr. t. 13. BufFel, Sparm. Reise, 297, 379, &c. t. 2. Dawf Ox, Pennant, Syn. Quad. i. 9. t. 2. f. 3, young horns. Wilde Buff el, Dutch at Cape ; Forster, Reise die Weld, i. 85. Qu'araho, Hottentots. Cape Buffalo, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 751, 753. Buffalo, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 47. Hab. S. Africa, in the Deserts, near Cape of Good Hope. A male, not in a good state. South Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, LL.D. A male. South 'Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. Skulls, adult and young, t. 2. f. 1, 2, 3. Buffle de Cap, Daub, in Buffon H. N. xi. 416. t. 41; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 132. t. 9. f. 14, 15 ; Vollborth, de Bobus, Sfc. 1826, t. 3. Frontal bone and horns, young. South Africa. From Mus. Royal Society. Skull and horns. South Africa. Skull and horns. South Africa. Skeleton of male. South Africa. From the Gardens of the Zoological Society. The horns of the young specimen are depressed and rugose, and very different from those of B. brachyceros, which Prof. Sundevall considers as the young of this species. The pair of young horns which was in the Museum of the Royal Society {Grew, Rar. 26), figured by Pennant {Syn. t. 2. f. 3), is now in MAMMALIA. 29 the British Museum, and at once shows the distinctness of these two species. 3. Anoa, Horns subtrigonal, nearly parallel, roimd at the tip, depressed at the base, and slightly keeled on the inner edge, straight, nearly on the plane of the face on the hinder edge of the frontal ridge. Intermaxillary elongate, high up between the maxillae and the nasal. Muffle large, rather narrow below. Hoofs very broad. Ears small, narrow, short. Tail elongate, tufted at the end. Hair of the back, from the nape to the pelvis, reversed. Skull, t. 3. f. 1, 2. Anoa, Leach; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; Sundevall, Pe- cora, 74. Antilope, § Anoa, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 647. Bubalus, sp.. Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Bos, sp., Meyen; Gray, Spic. Zool. Mr. Timier obsen^es : " Afthough Major Smith was deceived as to the affinities of the Anoa, later as well as earlier naturalists have assigned it to its true place, and a glance at the stuffed spe- cimen in the British Museum leaves the matter beyond a doubt. I have examined the skull in the Museum of the College of Sur- geons, and cannot see that it has even a title to generic distinc- tion. Naturalists seem at all times to have been prone to assign generic rank to whatever was mysterious or difficult to classify, and I can in no other way account for this species being made a genus." — Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Mr. Turner must have ob- sen^ed the skull very superficially, for it offers many characters, especially in the palate, which separate it from the Buffaloes and all the other Bovece, t. 3. f. 1, 2. 1. Anoa DEPRESsicoRNis. The Anoa. Reddish brown, with three small white spots on the cheek. Male black, spot on cheek white. Female and yoimg brownish black. Antilope (Anoa) depressicomis, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 293. t. . v. 867; Gray, Spicil. Zool. t. 11. f. 23; Fischer, Syn. 647. Antilope depressicomis, Quoy et Gaim. Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. 623. t. 20 ; Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. 136. t. 26 ; Ferussac, Bull. Sci. xix. 108; Lesson, comp. Buffon, x. 299. t. 65. f. 2. ? Anoa compressicomis, Leach, MSS. Antilope depressicomis. Leach; Gray, Spic. Zool. t. 11. f. 23; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 867. t. 181. f. 4, head. Antilope platyceros et Antilope Celebica, Temm. Mus. Leyden. Bos bubaUs ^\ Anoa, Penn. Quad.2Q; Meyer, Zool. Arch. 184, 1796. 30 MAMMALIA. Bubalus depressicornis, Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Anoa, Loten MSS. in Brit. Mus.; Penn. Syn. 6; Quad. 26; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 7^^- Anoa depressicomis, Sundevall, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1844, 199; Gray, List Mam. B. M. 153; List Osteol. B. M. 54; Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. Hah. Celebes. Male and female. Celebes. From the Leyden Museum. Osteol. Skull, t. 3. f. 1, 2. Skull and horns. Celebes. Presented by General Hardwicke, Skull and horns. Mauritius ? Skull and horns. Mauritius ? This animal was first noticed by Governor Loten. It was afterwards described by Colonel Hamilton Smith from a head with horns in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. A similar head was received by General Hardwicke (which was given by him to the British Museum), accompanied by a sketch of the head and front part of the body of the animal, which is copied in Gray's Spicilegia. MM. Quoy and Gaimard afterwards pub- lished a figure of the animal, and took two male specimens with them to Paris, one of which was transmitted to Knowsley, in ex- change for the specimen of Oreas Canna sent to Paris by the Earl of Derby : this specimen is figured in the Knowsley Menagerie. * Intermaxillaries short, triangular, not reaching to the edge of the nasal bone; the upper lip hold, callous and moist, only as wide as the inner edge of the nostrils. Mr. Turner observes : " I fear that Mr. Gray*s distinction in the extent of the intermaxillary bones upon the sides of the nasal aperture will not always hold good." — Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Since this remark was penned, I have re-examined many speci- mens of the skull of this genus and of other oxen, and do not find any reason to doubt the validity of the distinction ; I have not found a single Bison's skull with an elongated intermaxillary, nor an Ox or Buffalo with a short one. It would have been better if Mr. Turner had cited the example which made him doubt ; when I applied to him on the subject, he ovATied that he could not refer me to a specimen to verify his remarks. 4. BiBos. Horns depressed at the base, directed outwards, posterior on the hinder ridge of the frontal bone, which is often very promi- nent, recurved at the tip. Withers high, keeled, supported by the spinous processes of the dorsal vertebra, and suddenly lower be- MAMMALIA. 31 hind. The intermaxillaries are short and triangular, and do not reach to the nasals. Brown or black (adult males). Legs be- neath the knees (and sometimes the rump) white. The baldness of the upper lip converging beneath from the inner edge of the nostrils. Skull, t. 3. f. 3. Bibos, Hodgson ; Gray, Knowsley Menag. Bison, sp.. Ham. Smith in Griffith A. K.x. 371; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 651. Gareus, Hodgson, Var. Genera Ruminants, 1847, 21. Bos (Boves proprie), part., Sundevall, Pecora, 200, 1844. Bos, sp.. Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Professor Sundevall regards the three species of this genus as subvarieties of a variety of the Common Bull, Bos Taurus {Pe-- cora, 200, 1844). t Forehead flat. Horns broad, depressed, black. Front half of back with an elongated keel, t. 3. f. 3. Probos, Hodgson. 1. Bibos frontalis. The Gayal. Black ; lips, forehead and legs grey ; inside of ears white ; forehead flat, veiy broad. Honas depressed, broad at the base, conical, black. Bos bubalus var. c. Guavera, Penn. Quad. i. 27. " Bos Guavera, Penn.," Buchanan, Icon. ined. Mus. Ind. Comp.t. 7. Bos bubalis y. Guavera, Meyer, Zool. Arch. 184, 1796. Bos frontalis, Lambert, Ldnn. Trans, vii. t. 4, young S; Gray, List Mam. 5. M. 151; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 24; Deles- sert, Souvenir Ind. t. , not good. Bos Gayeus (Assel Gayal), Colebrook, Asiatic Research, vii. 511. t. 8; Hardw. Zool. Journ. iii. 233. t. 7. f. 1; Lesson, Compl. Buffon, X. 317. Bos Taurus var. 3, subvar. 1. frontalis, Sundevall, Pecora, 200, 1844. Bos (Bison) Gaveus, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. iv. 406. t. , v. 897; Fischer, Syn. 651, 654; Hodgson, Journ. 4siat. Soc. Beng. 1841, x. 912. 470. t. 1. f. 1. Bibos frontalis, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 151 ; List Osteol. Sp. B. M. 24; Knowsley Menag.; Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim.\S4. Gayal, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 741, 742?, 743, 744. Hab. India, Chittagong. Male. India. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Osteol. Skull, t. 3. f. 3. Gyal of Sylhet (Bos gaveus), Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, X. 470. t. 1. f. 1 ; Hardw. Zool. Journ. iii. t. 7- f. 1. 32 MAMMALIA. Two skulls of the adult male. The Tarai. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull, half-growTi, male. The Tarai. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull and some bones of foetal specimen. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skeleton, imperfect. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawings. Assal Gyal, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 168. True Asseel Gayal, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,794. 1. 106, head copied from former. Drawing of two males. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 135. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of two males. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 136. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of two males. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 137. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of a male. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 138. f. 2. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of horns. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 145. f. 5, 6. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Dr. Hamilton Buchanan's figure in the Library of the India House (marked Bos Guavera, Penn. t. 7) was the first and is the best. The Gavi or Gabi is more than half redeemed from the wild state, like the Yak of Tibet. — Hodgson, I. c. 22. ♦ The Jungly Gau {Bos Sylhetanus) of M. F. Cuvier's Mamma- lia is from a tracing made by M. Duvaucelle from a drawing in General Hardwicke's collection (marked " Gyale at Bairackpoor," Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 169, 170), taken from a hybrid specimen bred between a Domestic Gyal and a Zebu. It has a larger, deeper and more waved dewlap than the wild species, and differently shaped horns. It was never alive in Paris, nor even seen aUve by M. Duvaucelle. ft Forehead concave. Horns pale, rather depressed at the base. Back with a prominent keel over the shoulder, and another on the middle of the back. Bibos, Hodgson. 2. Bibos Gaurus. The Gour or Gaur. Hind hoof only half the size of the front. Brown i legs white. MAMMALIA. 33 Bos Gour, Trail, Edinh. Phil. Journ. 1824, 334 ; Hardw. Zool. Journ. iii. 232. t. /• f- 2 ; Mem. Mus. ix. /I ; Ferussac, Bull. Sci. xiv. 252; Lesson, Compl. Buff on, x. 316; Fischer, Sun. Mam. 497. Bos Gam*, Evans. Bos (Bison) Gaurus (Gour), Hamilton Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 3/3 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 653 ; Elliot, Madras Journ. Sci. 1840, t. 5. adult, t. 6. f. 1 (? . f. 2 $ . skull. Bos Taurus, var. 3, subvar. 2. Gaur, Sundevall, Pecora, 201. Bos (Bibos) caviiProns, Hodgson, Journal Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1837, vi. 223, 299, 745. t. 39, x. 91 1 ; Elliot, Madras Journ. Sci. 1840, 37. Bos Hardwickii (Gour), J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 65 (1825). Bos Silhetanus, Delessert, Rev. Zool. 1839, 129. Bos aculeatus, Schinz. ; Cuvier, Thierr. iv. 492. Bisonius subhaemachalensis, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 135 ; Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 289. Bos (Bison) Gour, Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 184. Bibos gaurus, Hodgson, Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. t. 137 ; Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 24. Gaour, Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. H. N. ix. 71- Gaur, Johnston, Sketch Indian Sports, t. Gour, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 746. Gauri Gau, of the Tarai. Inhab. India. Mountain district, Nepal. The male is called Gour, and the young Pararah; the female Gouvin, and the young Pareeah, in Malacca. Called Gaviya by the Mahrattas. Male, stuflFed. • OsTEOL. Elliot, Madras Journ. N. H. x. 227. t. . f . , skull. Gouri Gau of Nepal (Bibos ca\ifions), Hodgson, J. A. S. Bengal, X. 1841, 470. t. 1. f. 2, t. 2, 3, skuUs. Two skeletons. Nepal. Skeleton, imperfect. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull and horns of male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. Skull and horns of female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- ^ son, Esq. Skull and horns. India. Skull and horns, with skin on face. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. Horns, separate, polished. India. Horns, separate. India. Horns, separate, young. India. B 5 34 MAMMALIA. Horns, single horn. India. Horns, single horn. India. Horns, single horn. Nepal. Presented bv B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawings. Bos Gour, HardwicJce, Icon. ined. B. M. 10,974. t. 107. The Gours inhabit the primitive forests of India, under the great ranges of mountains ; they rut in winter, procreate in au- tumn, producing one at a birth. The herds are ordinarily rather numerous, twenty, thirty, forty, and sometimes even double that number being found together ; but in the breeding season not above ten or fifteen cows, with a single mature, vigorous bull, w^ho jealously expels every young or old male from his harem. They entirely avoid the open Tarai on the one hand, and the hill on the other, adhering to the most solitary part of the Saul forest, close to and between the salient spurs of the hills, where the periodical firing of the undergrowth of the forest never reaches. They feed early and late in the more open glades of the forest, posting sentinels the while, and manifesting in their whole demeanom' a degree of shyness unparalleled among the Bovines. They never ventm-e even in the rains, when there is abundance of rank vegetation to cover their approaches, into the open Tarai, to depredate on the crops, as the IFild Buffaloes constantly do ; nor do they ever associate or have sexual com- merce with the tame cattle, though immense numbers of the latter every spring are di'iven into their retreats, to feed and re- main there in a half-wild condition for three or four months, when the Wild Buffaloes frequently have sexual intercourse with the tame ones of their kind, of which likewise vast numbers are despatched there. Old males of the Gour are often found solitary, w^andering in the forests they frequent, especially in winter; but these have probably been recently expelled the herd by their more vigorous juniors, and reunite themselves with some herd after the season of love and contention has passed. It is exceedingly difficult to rear the Gour in confinement. Nor did I ever know a successful experiment, though the attempt has been for fifty years constantly made by the Court of Nepal, which finds no diflficulty in rearing Wild Buffaloes and causing them to breed in confinement with the domestic species, which is thus greatly improved in size and other qualities. The Gours are exceedingly shy, and when approached they retreat as long as they can ; but if compelled to stand and de- fend themselves, they do so with a courage and determination not to be surpassed. MAMMALIA. 36 The beef of the Gour is unequalled for flavour and tenderness ; but to the Aborigines only is it illicit food, and not to all tribes of them; nor are any of them allowed to kill it in Hindu kingdoms. Capt. Tickell, a good observ^er, believes there are two species of Bibos in the Chola Nagpoor territories alone. — Hodgson, I. c. 24. Mr. Hodgson appears to think the Bibos found beyond the Brahmaputra is a different species. Mr. Elliot's account of the habit of those found in the Deccan differs in several particulars from that given by Mr. Hodgson. 3. Bibos Banting. The Banting. Black, distinct large spot on rump and legs white. Calf pale browTi, ^ith a dorsal streak, widest behind, and tip of tail black ; rump and legs like back, not white, as in the adult. Bos Banting, Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. Bos Taurus var. 3, subvar. 1. Banting, Sundevall, Pecora, 201. Bos leucoprjmnus. Quay Sf Gaim. Zool. Astrol. i. 140, 1830; Lesson, Compl. Buff on, x. 319. Bos (Taurus) leucoprymnus. Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 185. Bos frontahs, part., Fischer, Syn. Mam. 550. Bos bantiger, Temm. Mu^. Leyden. Bos Sondaicus, Miiller, Nederl. Verhand. i. 45. t. 35, 39. Sumatran Ox, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. ; Lesson, Compl. Buff'on, X. 315. Hob. Java. Borneo. Bali. Stuffed male. Java. From the Leyden Museum. Skin of female. Java. From the Leyden Museum. Osteology. Bos Sondaicus, Nederl. Verhand. i. t. 36, 39. Skeleton of male and female. Java. From the Leyden Museum. Anat. Miiller, Verhand. Ind. Arch. t. 37, 38, 39. b. Bisons. Covered with short, crisp wool; shoulder higher than the haunches; cannon-bone of the hind-leg longer than the fore. Ribs fourteen or fifteen pairs. Bison, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1849. 5. Bison. Muffle short and scarcely reaching the hinder edge of the nos- trils, as wide as the space behind the inner edge of the nostrils. Horns round, rather depressed at the base, lateral, coming out before the ridge of the occiput, cuiTcd upwards and outwards. 36 MAMMALIA. In the skull the frontals are broader than long. The intermaxillae are very short, triangular, not reaching nearly to the nasal bones. The head, crown and shoulders covered mth longer curled hair ; dewlap none ; teats four in a square. Skull, t. 4. f. 1, 2. The flesh smells of musk, hence called Bisam, which has been changed into Bison. See Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 247. Bison, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 182; Fischer, Syn. 651. Bison, Bojanus, N. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xiii. ; Owen, Brit. Foss. Mam. 491, 1846. Bison, sp.. Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Urus, sp., Owen, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, 232. Aurochs, sp., Cuv. Ann. Mus. xii. 3/9 ; Oss. Foss. iv. Bonassus, sp., Wagner. Bos y. Bison, Sundevall, Pecora, 78. t Tarsi elongate, fore and hind quarters subequal. 1. Bison Bonassus. The Bison. Fur blackish brown, short ; of neck and shoulders longer, of chin and throat, elongate, forming a dependent mane ; fore and hind legs subequal; tarsi elongate. — Bos Bison, Linn. S. N. xii. Bos (Bison) Bison, H. Smith in Griffith A. K.y. 893; Fischer, Syn. 654 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 203 ; Ba'e'r. Bull. Petersb. i. 53. Bos urus, Bodd. Blench. 1788 ; L. H. Bojanus, Comm. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xiii. 414. t. 20, 28; Schreb. Saugth. t. 2.95; Desm. Mamm. 498 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 497 ; Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. 342. t. ; Vollborth, Dissert. 1. fig. Bos Bison Aurochs, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 184. Bos Taurus Urus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 202; Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 242. Bos Bonassus, Brisson, Reg. -4. 84; Linn. S. N. xiii. 99; Gme- lin, S. N. i. 99 ; Erxl. Syst. 235. Bison Europaeus, Oiven, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 126. Bos Taurus c. Bison (Der Europaische Bison), Donnd. Zool. Beytr. 687. Bos Bison seu Bonassus, Wagner, Schreb. 1481, t. 295, 295 b. Bison Urus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 55 ; Turner, Proc. Z. Soc. 1848. Bison jubatus, Plinii Hist. Nat. viii. c. 15. Bison, Gesner, Quad. 31; Aldrov. Bisulc. 353. f. 355, 356; Jon- ston. Quad. t. 17. 16; Nic. Hussoviani de Bisontis Cracov. 1525, 12 ; Herberstein, Rer. Moscow. Comm. Basil. 1556, 109. fig.; Gilibert de Bove Lituano, 1781, 30. fig.; Zimmer. Geog. Zool. ii. 84. MAMMALIA. 3/ Uri, C(BS. Gall. vi. c. 28. Urus jubatus, Jonst. Quad. t. 19. Aurochs, Biiffon, Hist. Nat. xi. 207 ; Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. xii. 3/9; Diet. Sci. Nat. v. 21. t. ; Reg. Anim. i. 269; Oss. Foss. iv. 109. t. 9, 10, 12; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 364. Afrikanischer Wilder Ochs, Miiller, Naturs. i. 43; Borowsky, Thier. i. 40; Gatterer, Schaden der Thiers, i. 128; Batsck, Thiere, i. 141 ; Graumann, Int. H. N. 44. Buckelochs, Gatterer, Brev. Zool. i. 6/. Bonassus, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. 15 ; Gesner, Quad. 145. lig. ; Zimmerm. Geog. Zool. ii. 93 ; Onomat. H. N. ii. 262 ; Brisson, Reg. Anim. 84; Klein, Quad. 13; Buffon, H. N.; Severin, Zool. Hungar. 35; Raii Syn. Quad. /I- Munistier or Manestier, Gesner, Thier. 29/. fig. Bos Munistier, Jonst. Quad. t. 18, 19. Urochs or Auer Oehse or Auer Ochs, Waldochse, "Wilder Ochs or Bergochs, Midler, Natursys. i. 436; Henneberger, Preuss. § 251. fig. ; Zimmer. Geog. Zool. ii. 82 ; Borowsky, Thier. i. 39 ; Funke, Naturg. i. 34; Ebert, Naturl. i. 284; Halle Vierfuss. 280; Gatterer, Schad. der Thiere, i. 107; Beckmann, Naturh. 10; Klein, Thiere, 12; Martini, Naturlex. iii. 693; Batsch, i. 141 ; Boch, Nat. Preuss. iv. 191 ; Hartknoch, Preuss. Hist. i. 13; Dbbel, Jagerprak. i. 20; Jablonsky, Allgem. Lex. 82; Severin, Zool. Hung. 36. Preussische und Lithauische Auerochs, Pallas, Nord. Beytr. i. 6. Urus de Prusse et de Lithuanie, Pallas, Act. Acad. Sci. Petrop. ii. 1777, 236. Ziu-b, oder der Lithauische Auerochs, Jarocki, 1830, t. 1 $ . 2 (? . Hab. Poland. Caucasus. Male, stuffed in Russia. Presented by the Emperor of Russia through Sir Roderick Murchison. Osteology. Bos urus, Bojanus, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xiii. 414. t. 20-23 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 109. t. 9. f. 1, 2, 1. 10. f. 1, 2, t. 12. f. 6, 7 ; Volkmann, Anat. Anim. i. t. 8, skull ; Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 132. fig. bones of fore and hind feet ; Vollborth, Dissert, t. Bufi'alus, Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiii. t. 11, 12. Aurochs foss., Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 140. t. 12. f. 1, 2, 4, 11, 1. 11. f. 5, fossil. Skeleton. Lithuania. Presented by the Emperor of Russia. 38 MAMMALIA. tt Tarsi short, hinder quarters very low. 2. Bison Americanus. The American Bison. Crown with long, crisp hair (in all seasons). The fur dark brown ; hair of head and shoulders elongate, crisp. Tarsus shorty hinder quarters very low. Body and tarsus in winter covered with long hair, in summer nearly naked, except in front of body and head. Bos Bison, Linn. S. N. i. 99 ; Erxl. Syst. 233 ; Schreb. Saugth. t. 299; Blumb. Handb. 121. Bos Bison Americanus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.\. 895 ; Fischer, Syn. 653; Sundevall, Pecora, 203; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bene/, x. 1841, 912. Bos Americanus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 204 ; Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. V. 24; Reg. Anim. i. 2/0 ; Ossem. Foss. iv. 117- t. 11; Desm. Nouv. Diet. H. N. iii. 531 ; Mamm. 496 ; Ency. Meth. t. 55. f. 3 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 495, 653 ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 365 ; Cuvier Sf Geoff. Mam. Lith. t. ; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. i. 279 ; Sabine, Frank. Journey, 668 ; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 401. t. , v. 895 ; Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 242 ; Owen, Brit. Fossil Mam. Bison Americanus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 49; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Taurus Mexicanus, Remand. Mex. 587- fig. (1651). Taureau Sauvage, Hennipen, Nouv. Decouv. i. 186. fig. (1699). Taurus Ouivirensis, Nieremb. Hist. Nat. 181. fig. from Hernand. Tauri vaccseque Quivu-se, Fernand. Anim. 10. Tauri novi orbis, Nieremb. Hist. Nat. 182. Armenta, Lact. Amer. 303. fig. from Hernand. Urus Bison /3. indicus. Bison Catesbeji, Klein, Quad. 13. Bison, Ray, Syn. Quad. 71 ; Pennant, Arct. Zool. i. 1; Long, Exped. iii. 6S. BuiFelo, Laws. Carol. 115. fig. ; Brick. North Carol. 107- fig. Buffalo, Catesby, Carol. App. 27. fig. App. t. 20; Harmon. Journey, 415; Franklin, First Journey, 113 (110. fig. of Buf- falo Pound). Boeuf du Canada, Charlev. Nouv. Fr. iii. 131. American Oxen, DobVs Hudson's Bay, 41. American Bison, Shaw, Zool. ii. 394. t. 206, 207 ; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 759-762. American Bull, Penn. Syn. 8. t. 2. f. 2. American Wild Ox or Bison, Warden's United States, i. 248. Bison (d'Ame'rique), Buffon, H. N. Supp. iii. 64. t. 5; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. , adult, young, and very young. Bison, Muller, Magaz. i. 186 ; Bewick, Hist. Quad. 43. fig. MAMMALIA. 39 Wilde Ochsen und Kuhe, Kalm, Amer. ii. 350, 425, iii. 351. Amerikanische Bison, Zimmer. Geog. Zool. ii. 89 ; Schoepf. Reise Nordamer. ii. 167 ; Pallas, Nord Beytr. i. 5. Bison d'Ameriqiie, Pallas, Act, Acad. !Sci. Petrop. 1777, ii- 238. Buklel, Ochse, Bison, Wisent, Borowsky, Thier. i. 42 ; Blumenb. Handb. 111. Nordamerikanischer Bisam Ochs. Var. Wliite. — Richardson, Faun. Bor. Amer. 283. Hab. N. America. Male, stuffed in America. Bank of Yellow River. From M. Audubon's Collection. Osteology. Skull, t. 4. f. 1, 2. Bos Americanus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 117. t. 10. f. 3, 6. Skeleton of male. North America. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Skeleton of female. N. America. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. Hybrid with Bos Taurus. Naals Buffalo, Americans; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 496. B. Nose ovine, covered with hair, or with a small naked space be- tween the rather close converging nostrils. Tail short. Hair during the cold season very long, pendent. Living in the Mountains or Snowy regions. Oxen of the Mountains or Snowy regions, Ch'ay, Knowsley Menag. 6. POEPHAGUS. Horns subcylindrical, curved outward on the front of the occi- pital ridge. Nose hairy, with a narrow bald muffle between the nostrils. Hoofs moderately thick, not dilated or expanded on the outer side, square, and straight in front. Tail moderate, not reaching to the hocks, and covered \rith long hair ; teats 4, nar- rowing behind. Perineum, scrotum, and inside of the thighs and armpits naked. Skull: intermaxillaries short, triangular and acute behind, not reaching to the nasal bones. Poephagus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 153. Bison, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. ; Fischer, Syn. 651 ; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Bos poephagus (part.), Sundevall, Pecora, 202. Professor Sundevall observes, " Inter tres divissiones generis et 40 MAMMALIA. praesertim inter Bos Bubalum et bisontes medius videtur.'* — Pe- cora, 202. Mr. Turner doubts its distinctness from Bison. — Proc. ZooL Sgc. 1849. 1. PoEPHAGus GRUNNiENS. The Yac or Sarlyk. Black; back and tail often white. Bos grunniens, Linn. S. N. i. 99 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 205 ; Erxl. Syst. 237 ; Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. ii. 38 ; Schreb. Saugth. t. 299 a, b ; Blumb. Abbild. t. 22 ; Ciwier, Diet. Sci. Nat. v. 30 ; Reg. Anim. i. 2/0 ; Oss. Foss. iv. 129. t. 10. f. 13, 14 ; Desm. Nov. Diet. H. N. iii. 528 ; Mamm. 496 ; Ency. Meth. t. 45. f, 3; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 368, 11; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 496, 653; Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 348; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, 99. Bos (Bison) Poephagus, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 896; Fischer, Syn. 658; Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1841, x. 912, xi. 282. Bos (Poephagus) grunniens, Sundevall, Pecora, 202. Bison Poephagus, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 25 ; Turner, Proc. Z. Soc. 1849. Poephagus grunniens. Gray, List Mam. B. M. 153; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 55 ; Knowsley Menag. 49. Bisonius Poephagus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Bengal, x. 912. 470. t. 1. f. 3; Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 289. Bos Poephagus, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 249 ; Nov. Comm. Petrop. i, 2. 332 ; Nord Beytr. i. t. 1. Poephagus, jElian de Animal, lib. xv. cap. 14, lib. xvi, cap. 11; Marco Polo de Region. Orient, lib. i. cap. 62; Rubruquis, Hist. General des Voy. vii. Buoi e la codo di cavallo, N. Conti, Collect, de Ramusio, i. 340. b. Oxen (used for riding), Ysbranfs Travels Muscoio, 50. tab. ; Grew, Mus. Reg. Soc. 2^.. Vacca grunniens, or Buffle mid dem Pferde schweif, J. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Petrop. v. 339. t. 7- Tangutischen BiifFel, Pallas, Nord Beytr. i. t. 1. 1780. Bubuls, Bell, Travels, i. 212. Boebceli, Witsen, N. en 0. Tart. i. 66. Bubalus Cauda equina, Buffle a queue de cheval, Pallas, Act. Acad. Petrop. 1777, ii- 232. Vache de Tartaric, Buffon, H. N. xv. 136. Grunting Ox, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 46. Grunting Bull, Penn. Syn. 5. Yac of Tartary, Turner, Account, 186. t. 10 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 411. t. 213. Svora-Goy or Yak of Tartary, Asiat. Research, iv. 349. t. MAMMALIA. 41 Kalmiikische kiihe, Georgi Russland, i. 208. Tangutesche kiihe, Pallas, Reise Aus. iii. 126. Boeuf velu, Bruyn. Iter Mosc. 120. t. 129. Yack, Desmoul. Diet. CI. H. N. ii. 368. Var. 1. Noble Yak. Head erect ; hump large; fur very long, nearly reaching the ground ; tail bushy. The Riding Yak, Hoffmeister, Travels Ceylon, 8fc., 443. Var. 2. Plough Y^ak. Head dependent ; legs short ; hair short ; tail often cut off. The Plough Yak, Hoffmeister, Travels Ceylon, Sfc, 441. Female, stuffed. Black; tail and middle of back whitish. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Var. 3. Hornless Y^'ak. Both sexes without horns. Pallas, Act. Acad. Petrop. 1/77, 250. t. 10; Nord. Beytr. f. 1. t. 1 ; cop. Schreb. Saugth. t. 299 b. Var. 4. Ghainorik. Larger. Ghainorik of the MongoHans and Calmucks, Gmelin; Pallas, Act. Acad. Petrop. 1777, 255. Yac, Stewart, Phil. Trans. 1777, Ixvii. 478. Var. 5. The Wild Yak. Much larger; the withers of the bulls high. Hab. Thibet. Mr. Winterbottom. Osteology. Skull, t. 4. f. 3, 4. Yac of Thibet, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. 470. t. 1. f. 3, skull. Bos grunniens, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 129. t. 10. f. 13, 14. Skeleton. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull and horns. Two skulls of male. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull of the female, with the horns bent forward at the tip. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull of the female. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Pair of horns of the male, of large size. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Pair of horns of the female, slender, and bent horizontally. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawings. Drawing of a group of the domestic variety. — Hodgson, Icon, ined. B. M. t. 143, copied, with front figm-e left out, t. 144. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of honis. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 145. f. 4. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 42 MAMMALIA. Drawing of horns. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 100. f. 1, 2. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. The Yaks dislike the warmth of summer, and hide themselves in the shade and water ; they swim well ; both sexes grunt like a pig. The calves are covered \\ith rough, black, curled hair, like a curled haired dog ; when of three months old they obtain the long hair on the body and tail. They willingly live with the common cows, and breed with them. The long white hairs of the tail are dyed red to form the tufts of hair on the caps of the Chinese. — Pallas, Act. Acad. Petrop. 1777, 250. The Yak used for the plough are ugly and short-legged, and hold their heads very low ; the beautiful long silky hair, hanging from below the belly, is almost, if not entirely, wanting in them, no less than the bushy tail, which their avaricious owners com- monly cut off as an article of trade ; they are guided by the nose. — Hoffmeister, Travels in Ceylon, Sfc, 441. The Yak Ox used in riding is an infinitely handsomer animal ; it has a stately hump, a rich silky hanging nearly reaching the ground, twisted horns, a noble bearing, and an erect head (p. 441). They are very shy, and kick with their hind-feet, turn- ing their head round perpetually, as if about to gore their riders (p. 443). Om* broad-footed Yak Ox is the beast with the thick, silky, white fringe under the body, and the bushy tail, both of which sweep the ground ; .... as the steepness increased, these poor animals began to moan, or rather grunt, in the most melancholy manner, and this unearthly music gradually rose to such a violent rattle, that driven rather by its irksome sound than by the dis- comfort of our saddleless seat, we dismounted at the end of the first half-hour (p. 443). The Yak or Chauri Gau inhabits all the loftiest plateaux of High Asia, between the Altai and the Himalaya, the Belut Jag and the Peling mountains, and is found tame as well as wild. It cannot Uve on the south side of the Himalaya beyond the imme- diate vicinity of the snows, where the tribes of the Cachars or Juxtanivean regions of the sub-Himalayas rear large herds of it, and cross-breeds Avith the Common Ox. They rut in winter, and produce young in autumn. Caecum simple, not sacked nor banded, 4 inches long ; ribs fourteen or fifteen pair ; true dorsal ridge confined to the withers; dewlap none. — Hodgson. 7. OVIBOS. Nose ovine, hairy, without any naked muffle ; inner edge of the nostril with a bald margin. Horns of the male very broad at the base, nearly united together, tapering, pressed downwards MAMMALIA. 43 against the sides of the head, and bent up at the tips ; of the female subcylindiical, curv^ed, far apart on the sides of the fore- head. Tail rudimentary, verj^ short, entirely hidden by the fur of the haunches. Hoofs broad; apices inflexed. Skull: the intermaxillaries short, not reaching the nasal; a small depres- sion in front of the orbit, but no fissure ; the grinders are with- out supplemental lobes. The tail very short, not produced be- yond the edge of the pelvis; caudal vertebra thin, flattened, expanded. Skull, t. 5. f. 1, 2. N. America. Ovibos, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 76 (character) ; Des7n. Mam. 492. 181 ; If. Smith, Griffith A.K.yA82; Gray, List Mam. B. M. ; Sundevall, Pecora, 79 ; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Bos, § 3 (Farren, part.), Wagner \ 1. Ovibos moschatus. The Musk Ox. Bos moschatus, Zimm. Geog. Zool. ii. 86 ; Herm. Naturforsch. xix. t. 5; Schreh. v. t. 202 a, b ; Blumb. Hand. 122; Donnd. Beytr. Zool. 697 ; E. Sabine, Parry's First Voy. Supp. t. 189; J. Sabine, Franklin Journ. 668 ; Richardson, Parry's Second Voy. App. 331 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 205 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 407. t. 11; Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. v. 29; Reg. Anim. i. 271 ; Oss. Foss. iv. 133. t. 10 ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 367. Bos grunniens, 0. Fab. Faun. Grosn. 28. Amerikanischer Bisam Ochse, Pallas, Nord Beytr. i. 340 ; Nov. Comm. Petrop. xviii. 601. Bisam Ochse, Herm. Naturf. xiv. 91. t. 5, head. Bceuf Musque, Jeremie, Voy. au Nord, iii. 314; Charlevoix, N. France, v. 1 94 ; Buffon, H. Nat. Supp. vi. t. 3 ; Pallas, Act. Acad. Sci. Petrop. 1777, ii. 238. Musk Ox, Drage, Voy. ii. 260; Dobb's Hudson's Bay, 19, 25; Ellis, Voy. 232; Pennant, Arctic Zool. 269. fig.; Quad. 131; Hearne, Journey, 137 ; Parry, First Voy. 257- t. ; Second Voy. 497, 503, 512; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 767- 0\'ibos moschatus, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816; Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xxiv. 300 ; Mam. 492 ; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 65, 1825 ; Gray, List Mam. B. M. 153 ; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 55; Knoivsley Menag. 49; Richardson,FaunaBor.Amer.i.27^. Musk Bull, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 49. fig. American Ox, Penn. Syn. i. 8. t. 2. f. 2, good cop. ; Ency. Meth. t. Hab. North America. On the Barren Land, in lat. 60'' North. Male, stuffed. N. America. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty, fi-om Capt. Parry's first Voyage. Specimen figured Parry's First Voyage, t. 189. 44 MAMMALIA. Osteology. Skull, t. 5. f. 1, 2. Bos moschatus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 10. f. 15-17, t. 13. f. 3, 8, t. 11. f. 1, 4; Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xvii. t. 17; Schreb. Saugth. t. 302 b ; Hermann, Naturf. xix. t. 5. Boeuf Musque, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. t. 3. Skull and horns. Skull and horns, imperfect. Var. 1. Subfossil. North-west Coast, America. Bos Pallasii, Dekay, Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. 6 ; Siebel, Fauna der Vorwelt, i. 164. Bos canaliculatus, Fischer, Nouv. Mem. Acad. Nat. Moscou, 1834, iii. 287; Oryct. Moscou, 116. Bos moschatus, Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xvii. t. 17; Eze- retskowsky, Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. 215. t. 6 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 150. t. 3. f. 3, 8, t. 11. f. 1, 4. B. moschatus /3. fossilis, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 494. 8. BUDORCAS. Muzzle hairy, with a small naked muffle only edging the nos- trils ; ears narrow, pointed. The fur (in summer at least) con- sists of short, harsh, adpressed hair. The tail is short, very de- pressed and hairy, like the tail of a goat. The head is large and heavy. The hps taper, and are clad with hair, hke sheep. The nostrils are wide and terminal. The horns are round, smooth, lunate ; they are nearly in contact on the top of the head ; their direction is vertically upwards, then horizontally outwards or to the sides, and then almost as horizontally backwards. The hmbs short and straight; the hoofs broad. Skull, t. 5. f. 3, 4. Budorcas, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1850; Gray, Knowsley Menag. ; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Nemorhaedus, sp.. Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Mr. Hodgson observes, " The Takin is the nearest ally to the Gnoos, but has various points of stronger connection with Musk Oxen. Horns are on the highest part of the forehead, as in the Ox and Sheep, though not, as in them, at the posteal termina- tion of the head, for the encephalon of our animal is spread be- hind its horns, in the manner of the Deer and Antelopes, but more restrictedly. The horns are attached, not to the lateral margins of the frontal crest, as in the Ox, but to its superior surface, as in the Antelopes, Goats, and Sheep. The horns are nearly in contact on the top of the head, but without actual touching ; their direction is vertically upwards, then horizontally outwards or to the sides, then almost as horizontally backwards. Lips are both taper and clad with hair, almost as much as in MAMMALIA. 45 the Goat and Sheep : the animal is consequently a browser and not a grazer. Nevertheless the mere nostrils, which are wide and terminal, have a decided Bovine character both as to form and position, and, as it were to remind us of the true Bovine muzzle, there is a clear broad margin round the nostril which is quite nude and moist." Mr. Turner {Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849) thinks " this genus is closely allied to Nemorhcedus, and has no relationship with the Gnu or the Musk Ox ;" indeed he appears to consider it as a species of that genus ! Mr. Blyth " believes its affinity to be strictly Caprine, with little relation either to the Bovine or to the Gnous {Catoblepas), not- mthstanding the very remarkable form of the horns." — Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1850, 348. 1. BuDORCAS TAXicoLA. The Takin. Yellowish grey. Hairs yellow, black tipped. The head, neck, dorsal streak, belly, Hmbs and tail black; they are sometimes entirely black. Budorcas taxicola (Takin), Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1850, 65. t. 1; Gray, Knowsley Menagerie. Nemorhaedus (taxicola). Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Hab. Eastern Himalaya. The Mishmi Mountains. Called Takin by the Mishmis, and Ken by the Khamtis. Female. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta. OsTEOL. Hodgson, I. c. t. 2, skull, copied, t. 5. f. 3, 4. Subtribe II. Antilopeee. The horns conical, bent back, cylin- drical or compressed, and ringed at the base. The knee (or wrist) in the middle of the fore-leg. " Occipital plane of skull forming an obtuse angle with the frontal plane. Core of the horns thin, consisting of dense bone, often with a clear sinus at the base within. Horns seated on the upper smface, below the crest of the frontals, and apart at the base. Teats 2 or 4. Feet-pits in hind feet, and generally also in the fore ones." — Hodgson. Antilopese, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1847, 230 ; Glean. Knows. Menag. Antilopeae (gen. Antilope), part., Ovesideae, part.. Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 175. Antdopidse, Tetracerocidse, Rupicapradae, et Damalidae, Brookes, Cat. Mus. 63. 1828. Bovidae et Capridae, part., Ogilbg, P. Z. S. 1836, 137. Antilope?, Gazella?, Dryxis?, Bubalis?, Enagrus, Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 56. 1815. 46 MAMMALIA. Antilope, Pallas, Spicil. i. 1, 1/67; Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. i. 249. Sylvicaprina, Bovina, Antilopina, et Caprina, part., Sundevall, Pecora, 61. Antelopes, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 111. Cerophorus, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816. The Antelopes have been divided into various subgenera by different authors. Liehtenstein, " Die Gattung Antilope," divides the genus into four tribes. 1. Bubahdes. 2. Connochsetes. 3. Antilopa? Ge- nuinae. 4. Gazellse. — Berl. Mag. 1814, vi. p. 153. De Blainville divides the genus Cerophorus thus : — 1 . Anti- lope. 2. Gazella. 3. Cervicapra. 4. Alcelaphus. 5. Trage- laphus. 6. Boselaphus. 7- Oryx. 8. Rupicapra. — Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 175. M. Desmarest, in his Species of Mammalia, adopted M. De Blainville' s arrangement, separating Oreas from Boselaphus, and Antilocapra from Rupicapra. — Mamm. 4to, 1820. Fischer, in his Synopsis Mammalium, also follows De Blain- ville' s divisions. — 8vo, 1829. M. Gervais, in his article " Antilope," regards the subgenera of De Blainville as genera, and uses the divisions of H. Smith and Ogilby to divide them into sections. It appears to be a mere compilation, thus: — 1. Antilope. 2. Gazella. 3. Cervicapra. a. Dama. b. Redunca. c. Tragulus. d. Raphicerus. e. Te- tracerus. /. Cephalophus. g. Neotragus. h. Nemorhedus. i. Kemas. 4. Rupicapra. a. Capricornis. b. Dicranocerus. c. Rupicapra. d. Pantholops. e. Antilocajira. /. Anoa. 5. Oryx, a. iEgocerus. b. Oryx. 6. Alcelaphus. 7- Tragelaphus. 8. Bos- elaphus.— Supp. N. Diet. Sci. Nat. i. 260, 1840. Colonel Hamilton Smith, in Griffith A. K. v., divides the An- telopes of Pallas into three genera : — I. Antilope. Subdivided into — 1. Dicranocerus. 2. ^go- cerus. 3. Oryx. 4. Gazella. 5. Antilope. 6, Redunca. 7. Tragulus. 8. Raphicerus. 9. Tetracerus. 10. Cephalophus. 11. Neotragus. 12. Tragelaphus. 13. Nemorhedus. 14. Ru- picapra. 15. Aplocerus. 16. Anoa. II. Damalis. Divided into — 1. Acronotus. 2. Boselaphus. 3. Strepsiceros. 4. Portax. III. Catoblepas. — Translated in Fischer, Synopsis Mam- malia, ii. 623, and in Lesson, Complet. Buffon, x. 278, 300, 314, 1836. MAMMALIA. 47 Mr. Ogilby ("On the Generic Character of Ruminants") di- vides them into two families, on the form of the muzzle : — I. Caprid^. 1. Mazama (furcifer). 2. Madoqua (Saltiana). 3. Antilope (cemcapra). 4. Gazella (dorcas). II. BoviDiE. 1. Tragulus (pygrneus). 2. Sylvicapra (mer- gens). 3. Tragelaphus (picta). 4. CalUope (strepsiceros). 5. Kemas (goral). 6. Capricomis (Thar). 7- Bubalus (raauritani- cus). 8. Oryx (capensis). — Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 131. Professor Carl SundevaU (" On the Pecora of Linnaeus," in Swedish, in Kongl. Veten. Akad. Handl. 1844, published sepa- rate in German in 1848) divides the Antelopes into fom* famihes, according to the form of the hoofs. I. Caprine. 1. Nemorhedus. 2. Oreotragus. II. Antilopina. 1. Antilopae Gazellae. 2. Dicranoceras. 3. Bubalus. III. BoviNA. 1. Oryx. 2. Catoblepas. 3. Anoa. 4, Por- tax. 5. DamaHs. IV. Sylvicaprina. 1. Hippotragus. 2. Strepsiceros. 3. Cervicapra. 4. Calotragus. 5. Nanotragus. 6. Neotragus. 7. Sylvicapra. 8. Tragelaphus. 9. Tetraceras. Rafinesque names, but does not define, the following genera, which appear to belong to this tribe : Antilope, Gazella, Strep- siceros, Dryxis, Addax, Bubalis, and Enagrus, — Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. In the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for 1847, Gleanings of Knowsley Menagerie, vol. ii, 1850, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, 111, I proposed to divide them as they are arranged in this work. Synopsis of the Genera of Antilope^. I. Nostrils bald within. Antelopes of the Fields. A. Body light, elegant. Limbs slender. Hoofs small. Tail short, or moderate, covered with elongated hairs at the base. Horns lyrate or conical, placed over the eye-brows. True Antelopes. a. Horns moderate, lyrate. Nose ovine, hairy. * Nose very high; nose-hole of skull very large. \. Saiga. Nose very high, compressed, truncated. Horns white, Ivrate. 48 MAMMALIA. ** Nose conical, tapering. Horns black. 2. Pantholops. Horns elongate, compressed, sublyrate. Nose of male with a dilatation on each side ; nose-hole large. 3. Procapra. Horns moderate, lyrate. Females hornless. Cru- men none. Nose-hole large. 4. Gazella. Horns moderate, lyrate. Females horned. Cru- men distinct. 5. Tragops. Horns moderate, lyrate. Females horned. Cm- men none. Back simple. 6. Antidorcas. Horns moderate, lyrate. Females horned. Crumen small. Back with expansile white streak. 7. iEpYCEROS. Horns elongate, wide, spreading, Ipate. Pas- tern with tuft of black hair. 8. Antilope. Horns elongate, erect, subspu-al. Crumen large. b. Horns small, slender, straight, conical. t Crumen large. Muffle generally large. 9. Tetracerus. Horns 2 pair. Muffle large. Crumen lon- gitudinal. Females hornless. 10. Callotragus. Horns 2, subulate. Muffle large. Crumen arched. Hoofs triangular ; knees not tufted. 11. Scopophorus. Horns 2, subulate. Muffle large. Crumen transverse. Knees largely tufted. 12. Oreotragus. Horns 2, subulate. Muffle large. Crumen transverse. Hoofs square, high, contracted. 13. Nesotragus. Horns 2, subulate. Muffle large. Crumen large. Tail very short. ft Crumen large. Nose ovine. Muffle none. 14. Neotragus. Crown crested. ttt Crumen a glandular line on side of face. Muffle large. 15. Cephalophus. Crown crested. tttt Crumen none. Miffle large. Crown not crested. 16. Nanotragus. Horns very short, erect. Nose tapering. MAMMALIA. 49 17. Pelea. Horns conical, slender, erect. Nose swollen. 18. Eleotragus. Horns conical, diverging, bent forward at the tip. Nose tapering. B. Body large, rather heavy. Limbs slender, strong. Tail elongate, cylindrical at the base, and with longer hair at the end, of ten forming a compressed ridge. Muffle cervine. Cervine Antelopes. a. Neck not maned. 19. Adenota. Horns sublyrate, tip rather recurved. Hair of back whorled. b. Neck maned on the sides. 20. KoBUS. Horns elongate, sublyrate. c. Nape with a linear, central, compressed, recurved mat^. 21. AiGOCERUS. Horns moderate, recurved. 22. Oryx. Horns elongate, straight, or slightly recurved. d. Neck simple. Throat slightly maned. 23. Addax. Horns elongate, slender, subspiral. c. Body heavy. Legs strong. Hoofs and false hoofs large. Tail very short, flat, hairy above. Horns conical, recurved. Goat-hke Antelopes. a. Nose cervine. Muffle moderate. Horns short, conical. 24. Capricornis. b. Nose ovine, hairy. 25. Nemorhedus. Horns short, conical, recurved. Crumen distinct. 26. Mazama. Horns short, conical, recurved. Crumen none. 27. RupiCAPRA. Horns slender, erect, bent fon^ard at the tip. 28. Antilocapra. Horns compressed, with a process in front, conical, and recurved at the tip. 50 MAMMALIA. II. Nostrils bearded within, beneath, operculated, far apart. Horns on frontal ridge. Legs rather stout. Tail elongate. The Antelopes of the Desert. D. Muzzle very depressed^ spongy and bristly. The Equine Antelopes. 29. Catoblepas. Horns bent down on the sides, recurved at the tip. Nose with crest of recurved hair. Chest maned. 30. Gorgon. Horns like former. Nose smooth. Chest not maned. B. Muzzle moderately broad, with a small moist muffie. Bovine Antelopes. 31. BosELAPHUS. Horns on upper edge of frontal bone, sud- denly cui'ved back. 32. Damalis. Horns on front of frontal bone, regularly lyrate. " "Ae genera of the Antilopece being more numerous are worthy of a more minute examination, considering as I do that it is im- portant to divide these numerous genera into natural groups, more especially as there appears to be a character afforded by the nostrils which has been hitherto overlooked, and which se- ])arates them into two very distinct and easily recognised sec- tions. This character shows the real position of the Gnu, and at the same time proves that Colonel Hamilton Smith was correct in forming his genus Damalis, though he did not discover the character by which it was best to be defined, and hence placed with it some species that w ere not truly allied to it ; and it leaves the other Antelopes easily reducible into small groups." — Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1849, 231. 1 . Antelopes of the Fields. Nostrils bald within. Antelope of the Fields, A. campestris. Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1847, 231; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 111. A. The Time Antelopes. Body light. Limbs slender. Hoof small. Tail short or moderately elongate, and covered with elongated hairs to the base. Horns lyrate or conical. True Antelopes (Antilopese verse). Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1847, 231; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 111. Antilopina, part., Sundevall, Pecora. MAMMALIA. 51 a. Horns lyrate, {or rarely cylindrical subspiral,) strongly ringed at the base. Nose ovine, without any naked muffle; inguinal pores deep. Crumen generally distinct. a. Nose high, compressed; nose-hole of skull very large. 1. Saiga. Horns short, strong, l}Tate, annulated, white. Nose compressed, very high, rounded. Nostrils very close together. Crumen di- stinct. Fur soft. Skull : nose-opening ver\- large, extended back to over the eyes, t. 6. f. 1. 2. — Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. t. 3. f. 9, 10. Saiga, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1847, 231 ; Glean. Knows. Menag.3', Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 112. Antilope (GazeUae), sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 172, 1814; Sun- devall, Pecora, 86. ^erophorus (Antilope vera), sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75. «.ntilope (vera), H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 1827 ; Gervais, Supp. N. D. Sci. Nat. i. 260. Gazella, sp.. Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. Colus, " Wagner." Mr. Turner obser\'^es, "This genus {Gazella) seems prone to exhibit in certain species inhabiting more temperate regions, en- largements of, or appendages to, the respiratory passages ; for example, the enlarged larynx of G. gutturosa, the elevated nose of G. Colus, and the appendages to its sides in the Chiru (G. Kemas) ; these seem to be physiological adaptations, in no case marking a group, and therefore insufficient to warrant generic distinction, which has been made in the two latter instances. However, not having as yet seen entire skulls of these species, I retain them provisionally in this genus, judging by the horns. I think few natm-ahsts will set forth, with Mr. Gray, the colour of the horns of the Saiga as a generic character." If Mr. Turner had consulted Pallas's description and figure of the skull of the Saiga, or Hodgson's figm*e of the skull of the Chiru, I think he would have been satisfied they were good genera. ^ 1. Saiga Tartarica. The Colus and Saiga. Pale yellowish; crown and back greyish washed. Young: crown greyer. Antilope Saiga, Pallas, Misc. 6 ; Spic. xii. 14. 21. t. 1, t. 3. f. 6, 9, 10, 11 ; Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 252; Gmelin, S. N. i. 185. A. (Gazella) Saiga, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 172 ; Schreb. Saugth. 1216. t. 276; Desm. Mam. 452; E. M. t. 52. f. 1; Fischer, Syn. 458. c2 52 MAMMALIA. A. (vera) Saiga, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75. Antilope Scythica, Pallas, Spic. i. 9 ; Penn. Quad. 86. Capra Tatarica, Linn. S. N. i. 97, from Aldrov. Capra Sayga, Forster, Phil. Trans. Ivii. 344; G. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. 512. A. (Antilopa) Colus, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 829. Saiga Tartarica, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 160; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 55 ; Knowsley Menag. ii. .3 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 1 12, Saiga Colus, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1847, xviii. 231. Colus Tartarica, Wagner. Gazella Colus, Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Colus, Strabo, Geog. vii. Colus Strabonis, Gesner, Quad. 893 ; Jonst. Quad. t. 27. Suhac, Aldrov. Bisulc. 763 ; Rzacz. Polon. 224. Ibex imberbis, J. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Petrop. v. 345 ; Summ, vii. 39. t. 19. Saiga, J. G. Gmelin, Sibir. i. 212; Bufon, H. N. xii. 198. t. 2%^ f. 2, horns ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 339. ^ Saigaki, S. G. Gmelin, Reis. ii. 174. t. 12. Scythian Antelope, Penn. Syn. 35 ; Quad. i. 98, Margatsch, Russians. Hab. Siberia. Adult male. Siberia. Mr. Brandt's Collection. Young . Siberia. Mr. Brandt's Collection. Anat., t. 6. f. 1, 2. Pallas, Spicil. Zool. xii. 41. t. 3. f. 9 & 10, skull, f. 6, 11, stomach ; Daub, in Buff on H. N. xii. t. 22. f. 2. Horns, separate. Russia. Two horns, separate. tt Nose appendaged. Nose-hole of skull rather large. 2. Pantholops. Horns elongate, lp*ate. Nose (of the males?) with a dilated pouch on each side. Crumen distinct. Hair close, erect, spread- ing. Skull : nose-hole large. Females hornless, t. 6. f. 3, 4. Kemas, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1847, 231 ; Knowsley Menag, 3 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850 ; not Ogilby. Pantholops, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xi. 282; Wagner. Antilope (Gazellae), sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 86. Oryx, sp., H. Smith, G. A. K.; Fischer, Syn. 624; Lesson, Comp. Buff on, x. 283. Cervicapra a. Pantholops, Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 264. Gazella, sp.. Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. MAMMALIA. 53 1. Pantholops Hodgsonii. The Chiru. Pale brown ; chest and inside of the limbs white ; front of face and front of fore-legs blackish. Antilope Hodgsoni, Abel, Edin. Journ. Sci. 182/, 163; Ferussac, Bull. XV. 141 ; Fischer, Syn. 462; Hodgson, P. Z. Soc. 1831, i. 52; 1832, ii. 15; 1833, 110; 1834,80; 1835,3; 1836, 39. Antilope Chiru, Lesson, Man. Mamm. 371 ; Comp. Buffon, x. 285. Antilope (Orj^x) Kemas, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 197. t., v. 819. A. Komas, Lesson, Comp. Bnffon, x. 285. Chirsu, Ann. Philos. 40. n. 59. Kemas Hodgsonii, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1847, xviii. 231 ; List Mam. B. M. 157 ; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 55 ; Cat. Hodg- son Coll. B. M. 26; Knowsley Menag. 3; Proc. Zool. Soc 1850, 112. Pantholops Hodgsonii, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. xi. 282 ; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 290. Gazella Kemas, Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. The Chiru, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1832, i. 59. t. 340 ; 1834, iii. 134, X. 913. Hab. Thibet. Male. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Osteology, t. 6. f. 3, 4. Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Horns, separate. Himalaya. Presented by Major Honeywood. Skull of male, with horns. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. A single slender horn. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull of male, with horns. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. Drawings. Drawing of male and female, t. 146. Lithograph proof by Mr. F. Howard, t. 147. Drawing of male and female, t. 148. Drawing of male without inguinal gland, t. 149. Drawing of horns, 1. 150. Drawing of skull and details of head, t. 151 . Drawing of skull of male, t. 186. f. 7j 8. The Chiru inhabits the open plains of Thibet. They are gre- garious, rutting in winter, gestating six months, having one at a birth in summer. They are very pugnacious and jealous, and in their contests often break off one of their long horns, hence the rumour of Unicorns in Thibet. — Hodgson, Z. c. 12; Journ. Asiat. Soc. nos. 2 & 27. 64 MAMMALIA- ttt Nose tapering. Nose-hole of skull moderate. 3. Procapra. Horns IjTate, strong, black. Tail tapering. Nose simple, o\'ine. Muffle none. Crumen none. Feet with small feet-pits. Post- comeal sinus large. Inguinal pores none. Hair elongated, espe- cially above the head and neck ; knees not tufted. Females horn- less. Teats 2. Skull wdth rather large nose-hole ; no suborbital pits, but very large slits. Intermaxillary rather short, not reach- ing to the small nasal bone, t. 7. f- 2. Procapra, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. n. 173; on Var. Gen. Ruminants, 13, 1847. Inhab. ravines in open plains of Thibet, in small herds or fami- lies. 1. Procapra gutturosa. The Dseren. Pale yellowish ; hair long, soft. Antilope gutturosa, Pallas, Spic. vii. 14, 49. t. 2, t. 3. f. 14-17 ; Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 171 ; Desm. Mam. 452 {E. M. t. 52. f. 4) ; Fischer, Syn. 458. 627 ; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 830. A. (Gazella) gutturosa, Gmelin, S. N. i. 186 ; Schreb. Saugih. 1221. t. 275. A. (vera) gutturosa, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 7 ; Gervais, I. c. 260. Gazella gutturosa. Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. xviii. 231 ; List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 56 ; Knowsley Menag. 3. Procapra gutturosa. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 115. Antilope orientalis, Erxl. Syst. 288. Antilope, Bellon. i. 311. Capra gutturosa a, Messerschm. Mus. Petrop. i. 356. Capra campestris gutturosa, J. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Petrop. V. 347. t. 9, 10. Capra flava, Du Halde Gesch. v. China, ii. 280. Tzeeran Dscheren, Buff. H. N. Supp. vi. 170. Chinese Antelope, Penn. Syn. 35 ; Quad. i. 96 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 342. Hab. Mongolia. Siberia. Thibet. Male and female, stuffed. Thibet. Anat. Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 52. t. 3. f. 13, horns; f. 14, sto- mach; f. 15, ; f. 16, 17, larynx. Skull, female. Siberia. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. MAMMALIA. 55 2. Procapra picticauda. The Ragoa or Goa. Hair sordid bro\\Ti, with rufous tips. Underside, inside of the ears and Umbs, and anal disk white. Tail black. Procapra picticauda, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Sac. Calc. 1846, (n. 1/3) 384 ; Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. ; Gray, Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 116, Hab. Thibet. B. H. Hodgson, Perhaps the same as the former in summer coat. Osteology, t. 7- f. 2. Three skulls, male. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 4. Gazella. Horns lyrate, strong, black. Face tapering. Nose simple. Crumen distinct. Fur short, close-pressed. Females with smaller horns. Teats 4. Skull with a suborbital fissure, and a moderate, or very shght fossa, suddenly pressed in before the orbit ; the masseteric ridge rising before the orbit ; the auditory bulla large and prominent ; the basioccipital bone having its tubercles but little or not developed ; the median incisors expanded at their summits ; the molars without supplemental lobes, t. 6. f. 5. Gazella, sect. 2, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1847, 231 ; Knows- ley Menag. 3. Gazella, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. Gazella, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75 ; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137; Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 260; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. V. 182; Fischer, Syn. 624. Antilope Gazella, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 171. Antilope Gazellse (typicae), Sundevall, Pecora, 85. Antilope vera, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75 ; Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 260. Cervicapra, a. Dama, Gervais, Supp. Diet. Sci. Nat. i. 261, 1840. * Knee with tufts. Back and rump brown. Vent white. t Lower part of the sides with a dark oblique streak. Feet with a tuft of black hair. 1. Gazella Dorcas. The Gazelle. Fur rather elongate and harsh, grey brown. Outside of fore- legs broad, obUque streak along the side. Edge of anal disk, front of face, and face-streak dark brown. Face-streak, throat, chest, belly, insides of thighs, and anal disk, white. Tuft at 56 MAMMALIA. underside of feet and end of tail black. Knee-tufts blackish . Young : back and side-streak rather paler. Antilope Dorcas, Pallas, Spic. i. 11, xii. 15. A. (vera) Dorcas, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 168; Berlin Akad. 1824, 231. t. 5; Saugth. t. 5; Schreb. Saugth. 1193. t. 269; Gmelin, S. N. i. 187 {E. M. t. 53. f. 2). A. Gazella Dorcas, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G. A. K. V. 825 ; Fischer, Syn. 459. 628 ; Desm. Mam. 453. Antilope Gazella, Pallas, Misc. 7- Capra Dorcas, Linn. S. N. i. 96. Gazella Dorcas, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137 ; Gray, List Mam. B. M. 160 ; Cat. Osteol. Spec. 56; Knowsley Menag. ii. 4. t. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 112; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. Algazel ex Africa, Hernand. Mex. 893. fig. Gazella Africana, &c., Raii Syn. 80 ; Brisson, R. A. 69. Fem. Antilope Corinna, Pallas, Misc. 7 ', Spic. Zool. i. 12, xii. 16 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 188; Schreb. t. 271. A. Gazella Corinna, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G. A.K.v. 333. Antilope Dorcas ? , Fischer, Syn. 259. 628. Corinne, Buff. H. N. xii. 261. t. 27, t. 31. f. 3, 4, horns (not F. Cuvier) ; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. Corine, Adanson. Spotted Antelope, Penn. Syn. 37. Corine Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 101 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 193. 1. 194. JUN. Antilope Kevella, Pallas, Misc. i. 7; Spic. i. 12, xii. 16; Gmelin, S. N. i. 187. A. Gazella Kevella, Blainv. B. S. P. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G. A. K. V. 322. A. Dorcas jun., Fischer, Syn. 260. f. 28. Kevel, Buffon, H. N. xii. 204. 258. t. 26, t. 31. f. 2; not F. Cuvier. Flat-horned Antelope, Penn. Syn. 34 ; Quad. i. 92 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 351. 1. 194. Var. 1. Antilope Arabica, Hempr. Sf Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 5 ; Licht. Saugth. t. 6 ; Fischer, Syn. 460. Antilope Dorcas var., Ruppell. Antilope Gazella Cora, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 338. A. Dorcas var. Cora, Fischer, Syst. 628. A. Dorcas var., Ruppell. % MAMMALIA. O/ Female. Shores of the Red Sea. Presented by Edward Cross, Esq. Male. Shores of the Red Sea? Male. Shores of the Red Sea ? Male, rather small. Shores of the Red Sea ? Presented by the Earl of Derby. Male, adult. Egypt. Presented by Sir John G. Wilkinson. Male, young, horns short. Egypt. Female. Egypt. Presented by James Burton, jun., Esq. Three young kids. Egj-pt. Male, adult. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Male. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Female, young. Presented by W. Tyler, Esq. Var. 2. Nose with a dark spot or streak. Var. 3. Larger. Legs thicker. G. Dorcas Cuvieri, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 3. f. 2. Antilope Cuvieri, Ogilhy ; Frazer, Zool. Typica, t. Kevel Gris, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. 3. Hab. Mogadore. Var. 4. Horns elongate. Antilope leptoceros, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. 8 ? . Hab. Senaar. Osteology, t. 6. f, 5. Gazelle, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 25. t. 31. f. 1? Kevel, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 31. f. 2? Corinne, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 30. t. 31. f. 4 ? Skull of female. North Africa. Presented by Sir John Gard- ner Wilkinson. Four pair. Horns of males. N. Africa. Two. Single horn of males. N. Africa. Three pair. Horns of females. N. Africa. Bones of the body. Skull. Skull. India. From Capt. Boys' Collection. Skeleton. India, From the Zoological Society. tt Upper part of the sides with a pale streak. 3. Gazella Isabella. The Isabella Gazelle. Fur short, very soft, pale yellowish brown, with a broad, rather paler obhque streak on the upper part of the side. Knee-tuft, front of face, and lower face-streak, darker yellow-brown ; upper face-streak, chest, hinder edge of tarsus, underside of feet, inside c 5 58 MAMMALIA. of limbs, belly and vent, white. Tail black. Female : horns very slender, longer than the head. Young paler, the lower part of the sides rather darker. Gazella Isabella, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. xviii. 331; Knowsley Menag. ii. 4; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. A. Isidis (Die Isis Antelope), Licht. Darstel. A. Dorcas, Licht. Darstel. t. 5. A. Dorcas var. a, Sundevall, Pecora, 83. Hab. N. Africa. Egypt. Kordofan. Male. Abyssinia. Female? Kordofan. From Mr. Parrey's Collection. Two females : " Antilope montana," Parrey's MSS. ; " Anti- lope megalotis," Parrey's MSS. Kordofan. Osteology. A skull. Abyssinia. This species is easily known from the foregoing by the soft- ness and fineness of the fm*, and the lower side-streak being of the same colour as the back, and from it and the following by having no dark edge to the anal disk. 4. Gazella subgutturosa. The Jairou. Pale brown; upper part of sides with a broad, rather paler streak. Crown and knee-tuft greyer. Face-streak indistinct. Nose, lower part of sides, belly, hinder side of fore, and front side of hinder limbs, and anal disk, white. Streak on haunches dark brovvna. End of tail black. Antilope subgutturosa, Gulderst. Act. Acad. Petrop. 17/8, i. 251. t. 9-12; Gmelin, S. N. i. 186; Schreb. Saugth, 1196. t. 270 b. A. Gazella subgutturosa, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 271, 1814 ; Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam. 454; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 210. t. skull, V. 824 ; Fischer, Syn. 460. 629. Gazella subgutturosa. Gray, List Mam. B. M. 160; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. xviii. 1847, 331 ; Knowsley Menag. 4, P.Z. Soc. 1850, 113. A. Dorcas var. Persica, R'dppell. Capra Ahu, Kcempf. Exol. 403. fig. 407. Dsheren, J. G. Gmelin, Sibir. ii. 103. Guldensted's Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 97 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 343. Hab. Siberia ? Tartary. Armenia and North Persia. A female. Siberia. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. MAMMALIA, 59 *** Knees with tufts (rump-mark and throat-spot white). Side- streak none. Tail slender, compressed, only hairy above. Dama, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. i. Cemcapra (Dama), Gervais, I. c. 1840. 5. Gazella Scemmeringii. The Abyssinian Mohr. Pale brown. Nose, forehead, lower edge of face-streak, and end of tail, blackish. Chest, belly, angular mark on rump above tail, face-streak, and spot on throat, white. Limbs pale. Female : forehead paler in centre. Antilope Scemmeringii, Cretzschm. in Riipp. Zool. 49. t. 1.9. A. Gazella Scemmeringii, Fischer, Syn. 462. Gazella (Dama) Scemmeringii, Gray, List Mam. B. iVf.161; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. xviii. 1847, 331 ; Knowsley Menag. 5 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. Hab. Lower Abyssinia. Senaar- Male, adult, from Abyssinia. From Dr. Riippell's Collection. Female. Senaar. From Dr. Riippell's Collection. 6. Gazella Mohr. The Mohr. Bay. Chin, spot on throat, chest, belly, edge and inside of hmbs, and angular spot on rump above the tail, white. Spot on side of face and end of tail black. Antilope (Dama) Mohr, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. i. t. 8; Knight Mus. Anim. Nat. f. Gazella (Dama) Mohr, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 5 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. Cervicapra (Dama) Mohr, Gervais, Sujyp. D. S. N. i. 261. Gazella Mohr, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850, 114. Hab. West Africa. Stuffed : not good state. Gtimbia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Var. ? Bay. Chin, spot on throat, belly, lower part of sides, hinder part of the back, and inside of the limbs, white. No spot on side of the face. Nangeur, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 3. t. 34; Shaw, Zool. ii. 359. t. 197. Antilope Dama, Pallas, Misc. 5 ; Spic. Zool. i. 8 (from Nangeur, Buffon), xii. 22; Gmelin, S. N. i. 183 ; Schreb. Saugth. 1199. t. 264, from Buffon. Gazella Dama, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. xviii. 1847, 231. Antilope (Dama) nangeur, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, 2. Antilope rubra, Afzelius. 60 MAMMALIA. Antilope (Cervicapra) Dama, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75. Gazella (Dama) Dama, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 5 ; Proc. ZooL Soc. 1850. Swift Antelope, Penn. Syn. 30 ; Quad. i. 84. Hab. West Africa. Senegal. Buff on. Not seen since Buflfon's time ; perhaps a bad figure of former. Osteology. Nangeur, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 3. 7. Gazella ruficollis. The Andra. Whitish. Neck and front part of the middle of the back reddish. Face-streak none. Antilope (vera) Dama, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 170; Bed. Akad. Abh. 1824, 251. t. 5; Saugth. t. 3, 4; Ruppell, Atlas ZooL 39. 42. t. 14, 16; Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 6. A. Gazella Dama, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 822. A. Cervicapra Dama, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75, part.; Desm. Mam. 458 ; Fischer, Syn. 464. Antilope (Dama) Addra, Bennett, Proc. Z. S. 1833, 2. Antilope ruficollis, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 205. 355. t. Gazella ruficollis, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1847, xviii. 231 ; Knowsley Menag. 5 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 114. Cervicapra (Dama) ruficollis, Gervais, I. c. 261. A. Dama var. orientalis, Sundevall, Pecora, 82. Dama, Plinii H. N. viii. 53 ; Aldrov. Bisulc. 729. fig. Female, stufffed. Kordofan. Senaar. Var. or young ? with an indistinct narrow brown streak across the outside of the thighs, and the forehead iron-grey, with longer hair at the base of the horns. Horns small. Mus. Frankfort. Hab. North Africa. Kordofan. These species diff^er in size as well as markings. The Mohr and Andra differ from G. Soemmeringii in being of much larger size, and in wanting the black face and streaks. Bennett's Mohr has only an angular white spot on the rump, like G. Scemme- ringii ; Buff'on's Nangeur is smaller, and has more white on the rump, thighs and sides ; and the Andra, which agrees with the figures cited, is almost all white, with a reddish neck and withers. *** Knees without tufts {but with rather longer hair, forming a linear keel in front). Back and rump brown. Sides with dark streak. ' 8. Gazella rufifrons. The Korin. Bay brown ; sides above paler, with a broad, dark streak below. I MAMMALIA. 61 Chest, belly, inside of legs, back edge of tarsus, and underside of feet and anal disk, white. Face bright bay, with a broad white side- streak. Adult female : nose blackish above. Young pale yellowish. Side-streak brownish. Gazella rufifrons. Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1846 ; 1847, xviii. 231 ; Knowsley Menag. 5. t. 4; Froc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 115. Antilope (Gazella) laevipes, Sundevall, Pecora, 82. Kevel (male), F. Cuvier, Mam. Ldthog. t. 3 ; not Buffon. Corinne, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t., young and female; not Buffon. Hah. W. Africa; Senegal. Gambia, called Sent. Senaar {Sun- devall). Two males, stuifed. Senegal. Two females, stuifed. Senegal. Two young, stuffed. AXAT. Skull, adult female. Skull, young. Buffon mentions a Corine as coming from Senegal, but he says it is smaller than the Kevel, and Daubenton says that it has knee-tufts, so that it cannot be this species. Indeed the Gazelle, Corine, and Kevel of Buffon are clearly all A. Dorcas of this Catalogue. The Kevel figured by M. F. Cuvier well represents this spe- cies. He says it was sent from Senegal, and probably it has not knee-tufts, for they are not indicated in the figure, or mentioned in the text ; like other descriptions of this author, though it oc- cupies more than two pages, all the peculiarities of the species are left out. The Corine of the same author, also from Senegal, well represents the young. M. Cuvier considers the Kevel and Corine and A. Dorcas form one species, but afteniN^ards, under Kei^el gris, he appears to change his mind and thinks they may be two. 5. Tragops. Horns lyrate, short, black : in both sexes. Face tapering. Nose ovine. Muflie none. Crumen none. Fur short, adpressed; sides without any dark streak. Knees tufted. Feet with large feet-pits. Inguinal pits distinct. Female vnth slender horns. Teats 2. Head, t. 7- f. 1- Hab. India. Not gregarious. Tragops, Hodgson, Var. Genera Ruminants, 1847, 11; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 62 MAMMALIA. Gazella, sp., Gray, List Mam. B. M. 161 ; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1847, xviii. 231 ; Knowsley Menag. The Chikara are not gregarious. They have lyrate horns, common to both sexes, knee-tuft, Une along the flanks, and o>dn3 nose of the Gazelles of Africa, but they are wholly destitute of the eye-pits ; they have the large, dark-lustred eyes of the An- telopes, very unlike the small, pale-eyed Goats. — Hodgson. Mr. Hodgson separates this genus fi'om Gazella, because he declares it has no crumen ; but Mr. Turner, who says he has seen a skull, describes it as being a typical Gazella ; and Colonel Sykes described the suborbital sinuses as very small, not obser\"able in dried skins, nor does the animal dilate them unless very much alarmed.— P. Z. S. 1831, 106. 1. Tragops Bennettii. The Chikara or Ravine Deer. Bay brown. Knee-tuft, end of nose and tail black. Streak on haunches blackish. Face-streak, chest, belly and inside of limbs white. Feet black or brown. Antilope Bennettii, Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, 140; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. S. B. x. 913 ; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 290. Gazella Bennettii, Gray, Ann. §• Mag. N. H. 1847, xviii. 231 ; Knowsley Menag. 4 ; List Mam. B. M. 161 ; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 56 ; Cat. Hodgson Coll B. M. 27 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. Antilope Christii, Gray, B. I^. Antilope Bharatensis, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. S. Beng. x. 913; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 290; Zool. Nepal, MSS. t. Antilope Hazenna, J. Geoff. Voy. Jacq. Mam. t. 6, bad. Antilope Dorcas var. e, Sundevall, Pecora, 85. Tragops Bennettii, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1847, 11; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 116. Chouka or RaAdne Deer, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 347 & 913. The Kalsiepie or Black tail, Mahrattas. Goat Antelope, Europeans in Deccan. Var. Feet brown, like back.— Gray, P. Z. S. 1850, 116. Hab. India; Madras. Nepal; Tarai. Male. Plains of the Seramic Country, Madras. Presented by Walter Elhot, Esq. Male and female. Madras. Presented by Col. Sykes. Skin of male, with head and horns, very imperfect. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Tragops Bennettii, Hodgson. Skin of young male, imperfect. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. MAMMALIA. 63 Osteology. Head, t. 7. f« 1. Horns of male. Presented by Dr. TumbuU Christie. Antilope Christii, Gray, MSS. B.M. Drawings. Drawing of male and female, t. 156. The Chikara carries its tail erect when in rapid motion. — Sykes. An albino of this species now living in the Zoological Gar- dens has white horns. 6. Antidorcas. Horns lyrate, short, black. Face tapering. Nose simple. Cru- men moderate, distinct. Back with an expansile white fold or streak. Haii* close-pressed. Knees not tufted. Female with small horns. Teats . South Africa. Living in large herds, migrating. Antidorcas, Sundevall, Pecora, 87 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 116. Gazella, sp., Gray, List Mam. B. M. 160 ; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B.M.; Ann. ^' Mag. N. H. 1847. xviii. 231 ; Turner, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1849. Gazella, § 5, Knowsley Menag. 1. Antidorcas Euchore. The Tsebe or Spring boc. Pale brown. Face, throat, chest, belly, broad expansile streak on back to base of tail, edge and inner side of limbs, white. Face-streak and middle of forehead pale brown. Side-streak oblique, dark brown. Young paler. Side-streak paler. Back- streak distinct. Antilope Euchore, Forsfer «'« Itin.; Sparrm. Act. Holm. 1780, 275. A. vera Euchore, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 169 ; Saugth. t. 7 ; Schreb. Saugth. 1189. t. 272; Harris, W. Anim. Africa, t. 3, a head; Burchell, Trav. i. 290, ii. 109. A. Gazella Euchore, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75 ; Desm. Mamm. 455; Desm. Diet. Class. H. N. i. 441. t. . f . 1 ; Fischer, Syn. 461. 629; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 823. Gazella Euchore, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 160; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 56; Knowsley Menag.; Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1849. Antilope Dorcas, Gervais, I. c. 261. A. Dorcas var. pygargus, Forster, in MSS. 62. Antidorcas Euchore, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 116. Antilope Marsupialis, Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. 111. 427; Bur- chell, Trav. i. 290. Antilope pygarga, Blumenb. Handb. 119. 64 MAMMALIA. Antilope dorsata, Lacep. in Buff. ; Burchell, Trav. i. 290, Antilope saliens, Lacep. in Buff. ; Burchell, Trav. i. 290. Antilope saltatrix, Link, Beytr. 99, from Buffon. Proiikbock, Vosmaer. Beschr. 1784, t. Gazelle a bourse, &c., Allam, Buffon Supp. iv. 142. t. 60. Gazelle de parade, Vosmaer. Gazelle sautante, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. 183. t. 21. Springer Antelope, Peiin. Quad. i. 94 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 344. 1. 192. Springbock, Licht. Reise, i. 525, 564, 580. Tzebi, Shaw, Reise, 151. Gazelle, Buffon, H. N. xii. 201. t. 23, t. 31. f. 1, skull. Barbary Antelope, Penn. Syn. 33. fig. ; Quad. i. 42 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 350. Hah. South Africa. A male, in a bad state. S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D. A male. S. Africa. From the South African Museum. A male. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. A young female. S. Africa. OsTEOL. Buffon, H. N. xii. 201. t. 31. f. 1, skull. Skull and horns. South Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D. Horns. South Africa. Horns. South Africa. Horns on frontal bone. Skull, young. S. Africa. The Spring Bok is found throughout the whole of South Africa, but in no part so numerously as in the colony, the north- eastern division of which they traverse in herds of thousands, devouring everything they meet with in their course. They re- main only a portion of the year, and it is during that season the Lion is most frequently found there. Vast numbers are killed, and the flesh dried against a season of scarcity. — A. Smith. The Springbock at certain periods make a trak bokken or grand migration. They march slowly and steadily along, like the flood of a river, about half a mile in width. These vast legions will continue streaming along in an unbroken, compact phalanx for two or more hours. — R. G. Gumming, Hunter'' s Life, i. 122. 7. ^PYCEROS. Horns lyrate, elongate, wide-spreading, black, curved outwards fi'om the base, then backwards and upwards at the tip. Face tapering. Nose simple. Crumen none. Knees not tufted. Feet with tuft of (black) hair near pasterns. Female hornless ?, teats 2. MAMMALIA. 65 Skull with " no suborbital fissure nor fossa, but a mde opening on the side of the muzzle, between the maxiUary and intermax- illary bones; the masseteric ridge rising before the orbit; the auditory bulla large and prominent, with only a small groove on its outer side to receive the attachment of the stylohyal bone ; the occiput broad, somewhat produced downwards; its basal portion with the posterior pair of tubercles broad, the anterior ones small. Molars without the supplemental iobe." — Turner. Skull, t. 7. f. 3. Antilope vera, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 1814. A. (Ceratophoims) Gazella, sp., Blainv. Bull. Sci. Phil. 1816. Gazella, sp., Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 261, 1840. Antilope, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1847 ; Knowsley Menag. 6 ; Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1849. ^pyceros, Sundevall, Pecora, 87- Major H. Smith erroneously assigns a suborbital sinus to this animal. 1. ^PYCEROs Melampus. Pallah or RooYE Boc. Bay; sides and beneath paler. Belly, anal disk, and lower side of tail white. Crown, anal streak and tip of tail blackish. Tuft above feet, and back of feet black. Antilope (vera) Melampus, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 167, 1814; Burch. Trav. ii. 301 ; Reise, ii. 544. t. 4 ; Schreb. Saugth. 1224. t. 274 ; Harris, Wild Anim. Africa, t. 15. A. (Gazella) Euchore, Desm. Mamm. 456; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 198. t., V. 828; Fischer, Syn. 463. 630; Burchell, Trav. ii. 301. Antilope Melampus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 162; Cat. OsteoL B. M. 56; Knowsley Menag. 6; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. Gazella melampus, Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 261. ^pyceros melampus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 116. Pallah, S. Daniel, Afric. Seen. n. 9. Betjuan, Caffers. Hah. South Africa. Adult male. S. Africa. From Dr. Smut's Collection. Adult female. From Dr. Smut's Collection. Young male. From the South African Museum. Female. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. Skull, t. 7- f. 3. Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1849, skull. Horns. South Africa. Presented by William Burchell, Esq., LL.D. Two pairs of horns. S. Africa. Two pairs of horns. S. Africa. Mr. Argent's Collection. 66 MAMMALIA. The Pallah is common in the wooded country north of the Kmrichane, where it occurs in herds equally as large as those of the Spring Bok are more to the southwai-d. It feeds on grass or the more delicate twigs of the brushwood. When startled, they generally move off in perfect files, and will not diverge far from the course they first adopt, even to avoid a man, which renders them an easy prey to the hunter who carries fire-arms. Where not disturbed by hunters, they are less shy than the Spring Bok. The flesh is esteemed. — A. Smith. 8. Antilope. Horns elongate, subspiral, erect, diverging. Face tapering. Nose simple. Crumen large. Skull with a small suborbital fis- sure and a very large suborbital pit. The tubercles and median grooves of the basioccipital bone well developed, t. 8. f. 1. 3. Hab. India. Gregarious. Cervicapra, Gray, Ann. 4* Mag. N. H. 1847, 231, not Blainv. nor Sundevall; Knowsley Menag. 6; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Antilope (Cervicapra), sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816; Desm. Mam. 457; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 1827 ; Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 260; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 117. Antilope (Gazellae), sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 86. Strepsiceros, sp., Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 183, 1845. 1. Antilope bezoartica. The Antelope or Sasin. Grey brown or black. Lips, orbits, chest, lower part of sides, belly, edge and inside of hmbs, white. Nose, front of shoulder and outside of thighs, end of tail and front of feet, blackish. Neck redder. Young with a narrow pale streak on the upper part of sides. Antilope Cervicapra, Pallas, Misc. Zool. 9 ; Spic. i. 18. t. 1, 2. xii. 19; Gmelin, S. N. i. 192. A. Gazella Cervicapra, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi, 172; Schreb. Saugth. 1214. t. 268. from Pallas. A. (vera) Cemcapra, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 7^; Desm. Mam. 451; Fischer, Syn. 457. 626; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t.; Ger- vais, I. c. 260; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 831 ; Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. ; Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. 913; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 290; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, 99. Capra Cervicapra, Linn. S. N. i. 96. Strepsiceros Cervicapra, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 183, 1845. Cervicapra bezoartica, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 159; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 56 ; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 26 ; Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1847, 230; Turner, Proc. Z. Soc. 1849. MAMMALIA. 67 Antilope bilineata, Temm. Mus. Ley den (young). Damalis Cervicapra (Ledmee), J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. Capra Bezoartica, Aldrov. Bisulc. 256, Gazella, Jonston, Quad. t. 29 ; Brisson, R. A. 68. Gazella Africana, Raii Syn. 79. Tragus Strepsiceros, Klein, Quad. 18. Gazelle, Perr. Anim. i. 93. 1. 11. Lidmee, Shaw, Trav. 243? Antelope and Antelope des Indes, Buffon, H. N. xii. 215, 217- t. 35. t. 36. f. 1, 2 ; Suppl. vi. 1. 18, 19 ; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lifh. t. Common Antelope, Penn. Syn. 32 ; Quad. i. 89. t. 15 ; Shaw, Zool. u. 336. t. 191. Bahmunnee Hurn, Sykes. Hah. India, in the dry, open plains, in flocks of scores. A male. Madras, India. Presented by Walter Elliot, Esq. A male. India. Osteology. Skull, t. 8. f. 1-3. Antelope, Daub, in Buffon H. N. xii. 273. t. 35. t. 36. f. 1-3. Three bases of skulls and horns. India. Skull and horn. India. Skull and horn. India. Skull and horn. India. Skull, with hoi-ns, of adult male. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. A pair of horns. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. One odd deformed horn. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Two pairs of horns. India. Mr. Argent's Collection. Drawings. Drawing of a skull of a male. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t, 186. f. 9, 10. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Dra\\T[ng of old male, female and young. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 155. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. The Black Antelopes are very gregarious on the open, dry plains of India. — Hodgson. h. Horns small, slender, straight, conical, tapering, w.ore or less diverging, and often bent forward at the tip. Muffle gene- rally large and moist. a. Crumen large. Muffle large. 9. Tetracerus. Muffle large. Crumen large, longitudinal. Horns 4 ; front 68 MAMMALIA. pair very short, placed over the orbits ; hinder on back edge of frontal, conical, straight. Skull like Cephalophus, with nasal bones not expanded. Suborbital fossae large, shallow, occupying nearly the whole of the cheek. Knee-tufts none. Females horn- less. Skull, t. 9. Tetracerus, Leach; H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 1827; Fischer, Syn. Mam. ii. 624; Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1847, 231; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 117 ; Knowsley Menag. ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Cervicapra, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75. Cervicapra e. tetracerus, Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 262. Tetraceros, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. Tetracerocidae, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 1. Tetracerus auADRicoRNis. The Chousingha. Front pair of horns conical, distinct. Antilope (Cervicapra) quadricornis, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 75, 78; Journ. Phys. 1816, t. . f . ; Isis, 1819, t. 12. f. 3, skull; Desm. Mamm. 466; Fischer, Syn. 471. 639. A. Tetracerus quadricornis, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 256. t. 181. f. 3. t. 186, v. 845. Antilope Chickara, Hardw. Linn. Trans, xiv. 520. t. 15, 16; Hodgson, Proc. Z. S. 1834, 99; Zool. Nep. ined. t.; Fischer, Syn. 471. 639. A. Tetracerus Chickara, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 844; R. Hill, Linn. Trans, xv. 501. t. 20. A. Chicara, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 346, 347. Tetracems Chicara, F. Cuv. Mam. t. S . Tetracerus striaticornis, Leach, MSS. Tetracerus quadricornis, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 159; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 57; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 26; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1847; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 117; Knowsley Menag. 6; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. Tschikkara, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. , from Hardwicke, Icon. Tetracerus Chickara, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. B. x. 413; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 291. Antilope tetracornis, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. Beng. iv. 542, v. 242. Tetraceros striaticornis (Chickara), Leach in Brookes' Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. Cerv'us albipes, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. ? . " Cervus labipes, F. Cuvier," Lesson, Sundevall. Cervus (Stylocerus) labipes. Lesson, Nov. Tab. R.A.\74. Chousingha, Hindoos. Hob. India. Nepal. Thibet. Mus. Ind. Comp. A male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. MAMMALIA. 69 Two males; front of fore legs daxk. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. A female; rufous, without any dorsal streak, and with the front of the fore legs pale. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. The imperfect skin of a male, with two boms. Nepal. Pre- sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Osteology. Skull, t. Horns. North India. Frontal bone, with horns. Skull, with lower jaw. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull. India. Drawings. Drawing of male and female. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 152. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of male, copied from Hamilton Smith, \\ith details of head added. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 153. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Dra^^ing of male, with details of head. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 154. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. M. De Blainville, in describing this animal, from Dr. Bucha- nan Hamilton's drawng in the India House Librarj', read Moor- shadabad, the habitat, for Hoornadabad, and thought it the name of the animal. The Chouka inhabits the forests of India, avoiding the moun- tains and open plains. They are not gregarious ; rutting in sum- mer, and gestating six months, the young mostly bom in January or February. They are veiy shy, and when hunted lie close or go off far ahead, boimding Hke the common Antelope, and hence one of their names from Chouk, a leap. — Hodgson. 2. Tetracerus Iodes. The Rusty-red Chousingha. Tetracerus lodes, Hodgson, Calcutta J. N. H. 1847, t. 4. f. 3. Hab. India. Nepal. OsTEOL. Hodgson, I. c. t. 4. f. 3, skull. 3. Tetracerus paccervis. The Full-horned Chou- singha. Tetracerus paccervis, Hodgson, Calcutta J, N. H. 1847, t. 4. f. 1, 2. Hab. India. Nepal. OsTEOL. Hodgson, I. c. t. 4. f. 1, 2, skull. 70 MAMMALIA. 4. Tetracerus subquadricornutus. The Jungliburka. Front pair of horns rudimentaiy, tubercular ; hinder conical, subcylindi-ical. Pale brown, sides rather paler. Chest, belly, inside and front of legs whitish. Feet paler, varied. Female : front of legs blackish. Antilope subquadricornutus, Elliot, Madras Journ. 35. t. 4. f. 2. Tetracerus subquadricornutus. Gray, List Mam. B, M. 159; Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847 ; Knowsley Menag. 7 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 117; Turiier, P. Z. S. 1849. Antelope (brown), SyJces, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, 105. Hab. India. Bombay. A male and female, stuffed. Bombay. Presented by Walter EUiot, Esq. Male and female. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. Osteology. Skull, female. Madras. Presented by J, C. Jerdon, Esq. 10. Calotragus. Muffle large. Crumen arched, transverse. Horns subulate, elongate, erect. Hoofs triangular, flattish beneath, acute in front ; false hoofs small or none. Crown of head smooth. Tail very short. Groin and orbits nakedish. Knees not tufted ; in- guinal pores none. Ears elongate. Females hornless. Teats 4. Skull with " a small suborbital fissure, with a large deep fossa suddenly pressed in before the orbit ; the masseteric ridge rising a little before the orbit ; the auditory bulla rather large and pro- minent ; the basioccipital bone flat and smooth ; the median in- cisors expanded at their summits, and the molars without sup- plemental lobes." Skull, t. 8. f. 4, 5. Calotragus, part., Sundevall, Pecora, 68. Calotragus (grisea). Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1847, 232; Knowsley Menag. 7; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 118. Tragulus (grisea), H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182 ; not Brisson nor Ogilby. 3ervicapra, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75. jazella, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. 1814. )reotragus, sp.. Gray, List Mam. B.M. 164; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. ledunca, sp., H. Smith. 'er%'icapra c. Tragulus, sp., Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. 262. MAMMALIA. 71 * False hoofs none. 1. Calotragus campestris. The Steinboc. Fulvous ash. Hair unifonn. Small spot on nose and two di- verging streaks on crown to nape blacker. Upper part of throat, chest and abdomen white. Ears three-fourths the length of head. False hoofs none. Var. 1 . Glaucous, hair white-tipped. Var. 2. Crown without black streak. Throat whiter. Antilope (Gazella) Tragulus, Forster, MSS. 52; Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 176, 1814; Saugth. t. 19 not de- scription. Hab. Sierra Leone. Young male. Sierra Leone; Waterloo. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. Skidl. Sierra Leone. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Very like C. Ogilbii, but darker bay ; the legs are blackish ; and the neck bright bay and not blackish grey, as in that species. 10. Cephalophus dorsalis. The Bay Bush Goat. Dark bay ; shoulders and legs darker. Hair brown ; a few on the haunches white-tipped. Crown and nape, a broad dorsal streak to tail, black. A spot over each eye, the lips, sides of chin, front of chest, under side of tail, and inside of the thighs, pale brown. Cephalophus dorsahs, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 165; Knowsley Menag. 10 (not fig. t. 7. f. 1); Proc. Z. Soc. 1850, 123 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 134. Bush Goat, Colonists. Hab. Sierra Leone. A young male. Sierra Leone. From Surrey Zool. Gardens. 11. Cephalophus NIGER. The Black Bush Buck. Sooty black ; greyer in front half of body. Chin, throat, ab- domen, and inside of the thighs, grey. Forehead and crown dark bay and black mixed. Cheek pale "brown, black varied. Tail, end whitish. Cephalophus niger. Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 165; List MAMMALIA. 85 Osteol. Spec. 57; Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 7- f- 2; Troc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 123; Sundevall, Pecora, 134. Antilope niger, Temm. Mus. Ley den. Hob. Guinea. A male, half-grown. Coast of Guinea. From Leyden Museum. Osteology. Leg-bones, imperfect. 12. Cephalophus Natalensis. The Natal Bush Buck or Rhoode Bok. Bright red bay. Nape, withers and feet varied with dark grey hairs. Nose-streak short, blackish. Lips, chin, upper part of throat, and end of tail, whitish. Lower part of cheek, throat and abdomen, pale yellowish. Crown and tuft bright red. Horns short, conical. Antilope I^atalensis, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. 217 ; Illust. Zool. S. Africa, t. 32. Cephalophorus Natalensis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 167. Cephalophus Natalensis, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1846, 165; Knowsley Menag. 10. Sylvicapra Natalensis, Sundevall, Pecora, 66. Hah. S. Africa; Port Natal. Male and two females. Port Natal. From Dr. Krauss' Col- lection. Female. Port Natal. From the South African Museum. Male. Port Natal. From Mr. WilUams's Collection. Osteology. Skulls. Port Natal. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. A. Natalensis inhabits the forests about Port Natal and coun- try more to the eastward, hving in thick brushw^ood which blocks up the intervals between the larger trees ; they feed on grass, the young shoots of trees, and the more delicate twigs of the smaller shrubs. They take the place the Little Blue Antelope occupies at the Cape. — A. Smith. 13. Cephalophus rufilatus. The Coquetoon. Deep reddish bay. Legs, nape, streak on the nose to the crown, and broad streak on back, blackish grey. Ears blackish. Crest and upper part of tail black. Cheeks rather paler. Chin and abdomen pale yellowish. Inside of ears whitish, with a brown spot on the outer side. Horns conical, rather elongate, obscure annulated, slightly recurved. Antilope (Cephalophus) Grimmia, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 266. 86 MAMMALIA. Cephalophus rufilatus, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 166; List Osteol. B. M. 56 ; Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 9 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 123. Le Grimme, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 41. f. 2, 3. Var. 1 . Sides paler, grepsli red ; forehead rough. Le Grimme (Antilope Grimmia), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. , not good (not separate head). Cephalophus rufilatus var. 1, Gray, Knowsley Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 124. Hab. Sierra Leone. Two females, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. ? Grimme, Daub. Buffon H. N. xii. t. 41. f. 2, 3. * Skull. West Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. * Skull. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derl^jy^. The hair is rather paler at the base, of the dorsal streak grey, with a blackish tip. M. F. Cuvier's {Mamm. Lithog. t. ) figure is the pale variety, which Mr. Whitfield regards as distinct; he says it is called Grimrae by the natives : the separate head of Cuvier's plate ap- pears to have been taken from the Guevei. ***** Knees not tufted. Ears moderate, rounded. Head with a pale streak on each side over the eyes to the base of the horns. Horns short, thick, conical. Guevei. 14. Cephalophus Maxvtellii. The Guevei. Grey brown or sooty black. Sides of the head and body greyer. Chin, throat, chest and belly whitish grey. Abdomen and front of thighs white. Feet and end of nose rather darker. Fur rather rigid. Hair uniform. Broad streak over each eye to the base of the horns yellowish white. Antilope (Cephalophus) MaxweUii, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 852; Fischer, Syn. 637. Cervicapra Cephalophus MaxweUii, Gervais. Cephalophus MaxweUii, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 166; Knowsley Menag. 11. Antilope pygmea, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 18? Cephalophorus caeruleus, part.. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163. Guevei, Buffon, H. N. Guevei (Antilope pygmea), F. Cumer, Mam. Lithog. t., good. La Grimme (separate head), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. Antilope Fredericei, Laur. MAMMALIA. 87 Sylvicapra Frederici, Sundevall, Pecora, 66. 133. A. monticola var., Thunb. Stockh. N. H. xxxii. Antilope Philantoraba, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 121; 1839, 27. Chevrotain du Senegal, Buffon, H. N. xii. 315. t. 43. f. 2, horns. Petite bisches, Adans. Seneg. 114. Royal Antelope, Peyin. Syn. 28; Quad. i. 82. Pygmy Antelope, Shaw, Zool. ii. 326. t. 188. Guevei, Guinea. Hob. West Africa ; Senegal ; Gambia. Males (horns large). W. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Half-grown, bright. Sierra Leone. Presented by Col. Edward Sabine, R.E. A. Maxwelhi, H. Smith, Griffith A.K.v. 852? Cephalophorus cjeruleus, part.. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163. 15. Cephalophus pygmea. The Noumetzi or Cape Guevei. Grey brown. Streak over the eye, legs, and outer part of thighs, rufous. Feet grey brown. Chin, chest, abdomen and under side of tail, and inside of ears, white. Fur soft, grey, with intermixed rather rigid black hairs. Antilope monticola, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. 315, 1811 ; Stockh. N. H. xxii. t. 5, 1811. Antilope Cephalophus cserulea, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 853; Fischer, Syn. 637 ; Harris, Wild Anim. Afr. t. 26. Blauwbokje, Dutch at Cape of Good Hope; Daniel, Scenery S. Africa, t. Antilope (Cephalophus) perpusilla, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 854 ; Fischer, Syn. 637. Cephalophorus cseruleus. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163. Capra pygmea, Linn. S. N. ed. 10. Antilope pygmea, Schreb. Saugth. 1237. t. 260 b. A. Gazella pygmea, part., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 178; Saugth. t. 16, not Pallas; Desm. Mam. 465; Fischer, Syn. 469. 638. A. Cephalophus pygmea, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 856. A. Cervicapra pygmea, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75. Tragulus pygmeus, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 138. Sylvicapra pygmea, Sundevall, Pecora, 66. 122. ? Antilope minuta, Forster, MSS. Cephalophus monticolus. Gray, List Skelet. B. M. 57. Tragelaphus pygmeus, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 181. Cervus juvencus perpusillus, Seba, Thes. i. 70. t. 43. f. 5. Hab. South Africa. 88 MAMMALIA. A male. South Africa. A young male, brighter. South Africa. From M. Verreaux' Collection, A female (one horn deficient), larger. South Africa. Anat. Skeleton. 16. Cephalophus melanorheus. The Black-rumped GUEVEI. Grey bro\Mi. Throat and sides paler. Rump and upper part of tail black. Chin, chest, abdomen, back and front edge of thighs, and under part of tail, white. Narrow streak over the eyes whitish. Feet like back. Fur soft, pale grey, with inter- mixed rather rigid black hairs. Cephalophus melanorheus, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1846, 166; Knowsley Menag. 11. t. 10; Sundevall, Pecora, 134. Cephalophorus Philantomba (The Guevi), Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 163, not H. Smith. Hab. Fernando Po. Male and two females. Fernando Po. Presented by Thomas Thomson, Esq., R.N. Note. — Antilope (Cephalophus) Philantomba, H. Smith, G.A. K. V. 855 ; Fischer, Syn. 637 — appears to be a doubtful species. 17. Cephalophus punctulatus. The Grisled Guevei. Dark fulvous brown ; sides and legs rather paler. Narrow streak over the eyes and inside of ears pale brown. Chin, throat, chest, belly, front of thighs, and under part of tail, white. Hair grey at the base, with brown ends and yellow subterminal rings. Crown and upper part of tail darker. Feet pale varied. Cephalophus punctulatus. Gray, Ann. 3f Mag. N. H. 1846, 166; Knowsley Mtnag. t. 11. f. 1; not t. 8. f. 1, as quoted. Hab. Sierra Leone. A young specimen (female?). Sierra Leone. Presented by Capt. Sabine. IS. Cephalophus Whitfieldii. The White-footed Guevei. Yellowish ash. Shoulders, outside of hmbs, and hinder part of back, rather darker. Ears and crown pale yellowish brown. Streak over the eyes, cheeks, throat, belly, inside of the hmbs, and ring round the feet above the hoofs, ashy white. Hair ashy grey ; of the back brown at the end, with a yellow tip. MAMMALIA. 89 Cephalophus Whitfieldii, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 12. t. 11. f. 2. Hajb. W. Africa; Gambia. A young specimen. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 5. Crumen none, no glandular streak on face. Muffie large, moist. Crovm smooth. 16. Nanotragus. Horns very short, conical. Crown not crested. Ears small, rounded. Tear-bag none.' Legs slender. Tail subpectinate. Hoofs small, triangular. False hoofs none. Antilope subgen. Spinigera, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 178, 1842, not described. Nanotragus, Sundevall, Pecora, 67. 134 ; Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 231 ; Knowsley Menag. 12. Neotragus, sp., Wagner. Cephalophorus, sp. ?, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163. Tragulus, sp., Klein, Quad. 22; Brisson, R. A. i. 65 ; not Gray, Ant. spinigera. Antilope, sp., Pallas. Capra, sp., Linn. Moschus, sp., Linn. S. N. ed. 12. 92, 1766; Erxleb. 1788. Neotragus, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182. 1. Nanotragus perpusillus. The Royal Antelope. Fulvous. Throat, belly, edge of thigh and tip of tail, white. Capra perpusilla, Linn. Mus. Adolph. Fred. i. 12, fide spec. Linn. Cei-vus Guinensis, Linn. Mu^. Adolph. 12; S. N. (from Seba, t. 45. f. 1). Cervus stylocerus Guinensis, Lesson, Mamm. x. 276. Cephalophorus? pygmeus. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163. Antilope regia, Erxleb. Sysf. 278, from Buffon. Antilope spmigera, Temm. Menag. Mamm. i. xxx. 1827 ; Fischer, Syn. 46b ; Wagner, Sup. 457. Nanotragus regius, Sundevall, Pecora, 67 ; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 12. Antilope pygmea, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 18, from Buffon. Nanotragus spiniger, Sundevall, Pecora, 67, 121. Moschus pygmeus, Linn. S. N. i. 92 (see Sundevall, Pecora 116); Schreb. Saugth. 956. t. 244. Antilope Gazella pygmea, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 178. Tragulus Guinensis, Brisson, from Seba, t. 45. f. 1; Klein. Cerva parvula africana, &e., Seba, Thes. i. 70. t. 43. f. 1-3 a, b. 90 MAMMALIA. Hinnulus s. Cervus pergracilis, Seba, Thes. i. 70. t. 43. f. 2. Cervus africanus pilo rubro, Seba, Thes. i, 73. t. 45. f. 1. ? Klein Hirscben, &c., Mus. Bareuth. 5. t. 5. Chevrotain d'Afrique, Bufon, H. N. xii. 310-341. t. 42. f. 2, horn, f, 3-6, feet. Royal Antelope, Penn. Syn. Guinea Musk, Penn. Syn. 59 ; Quad. i. 127. Pygmy Musk, Shaw, Zool. ii. 254. Antilope (Spinigera) spinigera. Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 178. Hab. W. Africa; Guinea. A young specimen, stuiFed, formerly in spirits, discoloured. W. Africa; Guinea. 17- Pelea. Horns conical, erect, slender, scarcely diverging, bent for- ward at the tip. Face narrow, elongate. Nose swollen. Muffle large, extended far behind the nostrils. Crumen none. Fur soft, woolly. Hoofs and false hoofs rather large. Inguinal pores di- stinct. Teats four. Hab. Africa. Eleotragus, § 1. Pelea, Gray, Knowsley Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 126. IVagelaphus, sp., Riippell, Verz. Senck. 181. Eleotragus, sp.. Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Turner, Proc. Zool Soc. 1848. A. Gazella, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 247, 1814. 1. Pelea Capreola. The Rehbock or Peele. Head slender, compressed. Temple-spot none. Horns erect, scarcely diverging, very slender. Fur short, soft, woolly, grey brown. Back redder. Throat and beneath whiter. End of nose and chin blackish. Feet darker. Antilope (Gazella) Capreolus, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 147, 1814; Saugth. t. 8; Thunb. Afzel. Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 257, 1816; Schreb. Saugth. 1230; Thunb. Mem. Petersb. iii. 312; Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 28. f. 1 ; Desm. Mam. 461 ; Fischer, Syn. 467. Eleotragus (Pelea) Capreolus, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 232 ; Knowsley Menag. t. 12 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 126. Antilope lanata. Desmoid. Diet. Class. H. N. i. 445. t. Antilope villosa, Burchell, Travels, ii. 302, 1822. A. redunca villosa, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 835. Rehbock, Dutch ; Sparrm. Reise, 517. Eleotragus villosus. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 165. MAMMALIA. 91 Eleotragus Capreolus, Gray, Last Osteol. B. M. 57. Tragelaphus Capreolus, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 181. Hab. South Africa. Male. S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D. Female. S. Africa. Young. S. Aii-ica. Osteology. Head and horns. South Africa. Presented by Dr. Burchell. 18. Eleotragus. Horns conical, thick, diverging, bent back and then bent for- wards at the tip. Face broad. Nose not swollen. Muffle rather large. Crumen none. Fur harsh, of back more or less whorled. Hoofs and false hoofs rather large. Inguinal pores distinct. Teats four. Skull : " Nasal opening rather lengthened, the nasal processes of the intermaxillary bones long, yet not always reach- ing the nasal bones ; a large infraorbital fissure, but no fossa ; the masseteric ridge ascending rather high ; the auditory bulla large and swollen ; the basioccipital bone ^vith its median groove and tubercles well developed ; the median incisors expanded at their summits ; a well-developed supplemental lobe in the first true molar of each jaw, and usually more or less appearance of it in those behind." — Turner. Hab. Africa, in marshy places. Redunca, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. , 1827; Fischer, Syn. 624. Eleotragus § 1, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 12. Eleotragus, sp., Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Cervicapra, sp., Blainville, Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816. Cer\acapra, a and /3, Sundevall, Pecora, 60. Cervicapra b. Redunca, sp., Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 261, 1840. Nagor, Laurillard. Sylvicapra, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836. t Fur grisled, harsh, straight, with a subterminal pale band, and often whorled. Head broad. Temple with a naked spot. Muffie large, fiat, extending behind the nostrils. S. Africa. 1. Eleotragus ARUNDiNACEus. Inghalla or Rietbock. Head broad. Temple-spot naked. Horns divergent, conical, tapering. Fur bro^Ti yellow, grisled. Hair pale brown, with a 92 MAMMALIA. subterminal yellow band. Cheeks and neck yellower. Base of ears, chest, belly, inside of the legs, and under side of the bushy tail, white. Front of legs black. Hair of back forms a round or elongate whorl. Antilope arundinacea, Shaw, Zool. ii. 347- t. 193, lower fig. ; Bechst. Antilope Eleotragus, Schreb. Saugth. 1225. t. 266. A. gazella Eleotragus, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 173; Saugth. t. 9; Thunb. Mem. Petersb. iii. 314 ; Desm. Mam. 459 ; Fischer, Syn. 465. 633. A. redunca Eleotragus, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 832; Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 26. A. Cervicapra Eleotragus, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75. Eleotragus arundinacea. Gray, List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 57. Antilope redunca, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 833. Eleotragus reduncus. Gray, List Mam. B. M. 165. Eleotragus arundinaceus. Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 12; P. Zool. Soc. 1849, 127; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. Antilope cinerea, Afzelius, Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 244, 1815. Ritbock, Allom. Buff. H. N. Supp. v. 34. t. 13, 14 ; vi. t. 31, 32 ; Penn. Quad. i. 81. Redunca Eleotragus, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 182, 1845. Cinereous Antelope, Penn. Syn. 86. 9 Antilope Lalandia, Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. i. 445. Antilope Lalandiana, Desmar. Mam. 462. Antilope Lalandii, Fischer, Syn. 467. Hab. South Africa ; Cape of Good Hope. Female (hair in the front of the dorsal line twisted, face rather darker). S. Africa. Female (hair of the dorsal line to the loins twisted). S. Africa. Male and female, adult, stuffed. S. Africa. Skull. S. Africa. Osteology. * Skull, female. South Africa. Horns. South Africa. Two skulls. S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D. Horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Var. 1. Larger. Antilope Isabellina, Afzel. Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 244, 1816; Schreb. Saugth. 27 ; Licht. Saugth. t. 10. A. redunca Isabellina, H. Smith, G. A. K. v, 832. MAMMALIA. 93> Cervicapra Isabellina, Sundevall, Pecora, 70. Antilope Eleotragus y. Isabellina, Fischer, Syn. 435. 465. Var. 2. With a large black rhombic spot on the back of the heact, behind the ears; female. — Gray in Knowsley Menag. 13. Afzelius, Lichtenstein, H. Smith and Sundevall have described two species of this genus as coming from South Africa; the smaller they call A. Eleotragus, and the larger A, Isabellina. The latter author has given a comparative character between the two kinds, but he has only seen two specimens of the former (a male at Berhn and a female at Stockholm), and several speci- mens of the larger kind. I have examined with care a series consisting of four males and five females fr-om different parts of South Africa, and can find no distinction between them, except a shght difference in the length of the fur and in its colour. Two specimens in the British Museum are larger than the rest, and have the tarsus one-fourth longer than the others ; they have a shorter fur and are of a rather brighter colour, and the front of the leg is blacker ; but the fur and colour probably depend on the season when they were killed. In these respects they agree with Sundevall's description of ^. Isabellina, but they both have the temporal spot large and quite naked, while Prof. Sundevall described the spot on this species as pubescent. The female of the larger specimen has the black spot on the back of the head; some of the smaller ones have the temple-spot much smaller and less naked than the others. The two larger speci- mens have a single whorl of hair in the middle of the back ; the others, with longer hair, show the whorls more distinctly, and have the hair from the central whorls to the shoulders formmg a more or less diverging line. After examining these specimens and those in other collections, I conclude that they form only a single species. M. Sundevall, in a note just received, observes, " Mr. Wahlberg considers A. Isabellina and A. Eleotragus as very distinct, and our specimens seem to show a difference, though not very well expressed. Also I have committed a mis- take, for the young female described in my Synopsis as y. under A. Isabellina is really A. Eleotragus." Riet or Reed Bok (Eleotragus) hves in reedy marshes, and in the grass of damp flats, in which it hes close until actually put up by the hunter or his dogs, and even then rarely running be- yond musket range ; hence it has been nearly exterminated near the colony. The Rooye RJiee Bok inhabits the rugged slopes of high moun- tains, and the summits of those of less elevation, from the east- ern disti-ict of the Cape colony to the Tropic of Capricorn, living in small herds. — Andrew Smith. 94 MAMMALIA. tt Pur not grisled. Hair grey, yellow tipped. Head broad. Muffie small, scarcely extending beyond the nostril behind. Tail only slightly bushy. N. and W. Africa. 2. Eleotragus reduncus. The Wonto or Nagor. Head broad. Horns conical, thick at the base, diverging. Fulvous brown, rather pale on the sides. Hair soft, grey, yellow tipped, all in regular order. Chin, throat, spot under the ear and over the eye, inside of hmbs, under side of tail and lower side of the body, white. Front of legs sometimes blackish. Antilope redunca, Pallas, Spic. i. 8 {homBuffon, Nagor, xii. 13); Gmelin, S. N. i. 184. A. vera redunca, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 170; Schreb. Saugth. 1200. t. 265. A. Cervicapra redunca, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam. 458 ; Fischer, Syn. 464. 631 ; Ruppell, Abyss, t. 7> good. A. rufa, Afzelius, Act. Holm. 1815, 250, from Buffon. Eleotragus reduncus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 127 ; Knows- ley Menag. 13. t. 13. Antilope reversa, Pallas, Misc. 5. Eleotragus reduncus. Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 232. Eleotragus isabellinus. Gray, List Mam. B. M. 165. Nagor, Buffon, H. N. xii. 326. t. 46? cop. E. M. t. 51. f. 2. Redunca Nagor, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845. Red Antelope, Penn. Syn. 30; Quad. i. 86; Shaw, Zool. ii. 360. 9 Oureby, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. Hob. W. Africa; Senegal; Gambia; called Wonto. Var. 1. Larger, brighter coloured. Antilope Bohor, Ruppell, Faun. Abyss, t. 7 ; Sundevall, Pecora. Eleotragus reduncus var.. Gray, Knowsley Menag. 13; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 128. Redunca Bohor, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845. Hab. Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort. A male. W. Africa. A male. W. Africa ; Gambia. A fawn. W. Africa ; Gambia. Pallas and Afzelius's account of this species is derived from Buffon's description ; both he and Adanson {Hist. Nat. xii. 326) say that it is " all pale red," and Buffon further observes that it has not the white on the belly of the Gazelles. This does not agree with our animal, which is white in several parts, but cer- tainly not so white as the Gazelle, and has black on the legs ; but as yet no other animal has been brought from West Africa which better agrees with their account or figure. MAMMALIA. 96 M. Sundevall considers specimens of the Nag or of Senegal and the Bohor of Abyssinia, in the Frankfort Museum, as di- stinct, the former having the hair of the back whorled, the fore- leg with a dark stripe, and the latter having the hair not whorled and the legs pale. Our specimens, from Gambia, have the hair not whorled, and more or less distinct streaks on the fore-legs ; hence I am inclined to believe the Nagor and the Bohor to be ahke. Sundevall's animal may be the Kob, but that has only one whorl on each end of the back, a nearly cervine muffle, and the end of the tail black. When in Frankfort, I observed that the male Antilope Bohor, from Abyssinia, was rather larger than the male of "A. redunca" from Senegal, in the same collection, and much brighter, and the horns more slender ; the female was darker and browner than the male ; both sexes have more black on the carpus and tarsus than the specimen of A. redunca in the same Museum. Note. — Antilope fulvo-rufula, Afzel. N. Act. Upsal. vii, 289; A. Eleotragus var. fulvo-rufula, Fischer, Syn. 465; Ritbock var., Allam. Buffon H. N. Supp. v. 34; Braunroth Antelope, Schreb. Saugth. 1226 — is a very doubtful species, if not the same as the former. Raphicerus. Raphicerus (acuticornis), H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 842, 1822; Fischer, Syn. ii. 624. Is a very doubtful genus. Colonel Hamilton Smith formed it for two pairs of horns on part of the frontal bones in the College of Sm'geons, which he called Raphicerus acuticornis and R. sub- ulata {Griffith, A. K. 1. 181. f. 2. 1). The figures are not suffi- cient to identify the species, and we now know that the horns of the same species differ greatly in individuals of the same species, and during the growth of the same specimen. B,. acuticornis may be the horns of the Duyker Boc, Ceph. Grimmia ? 1. Antilope Cervicapra acuticornis, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75-78; Journ. Phys. 1818, t. . f . ; Isis, 1819, t. 12. f. 3. A. Raphicerus acuticornis, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. \v. 198. t., V. 842; Besm. Mam. 460; Fischer, Syn. 466. 633. Cephalophus Grimmia? Hah. . SkuU Mus. Coll. Surg. 2 Antilope (Raphicerus) subulata, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 198. 1. 181. f. 1, 2, skull; V. 843; Fischer, Syn. 633. Hab. . Skull. 96 MAMMALIA. Cervine Antelopes. Body rather heavy. Tail elongated, with short hair at the base, and a tuft of longer hair at the tip. Horns elongate. Generally of a large size. Cervine Antelopes (Antilopese Cervinae), Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 14; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 128. a. Neck not maned. 19. Adenota. Muffle cervine, cordate, moderate. Nose hairy between and over the nostrils. Horns sublyrate, ringed ; when young recurAcd. Tear-bag none, or covered by a tuft of hair. Hair of back whorled, of dorsal line and back of head reversed. Tail elon- gate, hairy. A. Gazella, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75- Antilope (Antilope), sp., H. Smith, G. A. K. v. ; Fischer, Syn. 624. Adenota, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 14, 1849; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 129. This genus is very like Eleotragus, but has a smaller, more cervine muzzle and lyrated horns ; it differs from Kobus in the form of the tail, and wanting the mane, and from both in having a tuft of hair in the front of the orbit. * Horns short. Tail short, hairy. L Adenota Kob. The iEauiTooN. Pale brown. End of nose, inside of ears, chest, belly, inside of leo^s and thighs, tip of tail, end band above hoofs, white. Front of fore and hind legs, and end of ears and tail, black. Hair of dorsal hue reversed, vdth a whorl on the shoulder and loins. Antilope Kob, Erxl. Syst. 293, from Buffon; Desm. Mamm. 457; Fischer, Syn. 463; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836. A. Gazella Kob, Blainv. Bull. S. Phil. 1816, 75. A. Antilope adenota, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 224. t. 184, t. 183. f. 3, 4, horns? v. 828; Fischer, Syn. 626, not Syn. Antilope defassa jun., Riippell. Kob, Buffon, H. N. xii. 210. 267. t. 32. f. 1, skull. Gambian Antelope, Penn. Syn. 39; Shaw, Zool. ii. 338, from Buffon. Kobus Adansonii, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. , from Buffon. MAMMALIA. 97 Antilope annulipes, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, x. 267- Antelope Kob, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 103. Adenota Kob, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 14. 1. 14, 15 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 129. Petit Vache brune, Adanson, MSS. Kob, Mandingoes. iEquitoon, loliffs. Hab. West Afi'ica ; Gambia. Var."? Hair longer; sides of face whitish. A female. Kolus Sing-Sing, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 159 (not Bennett). Adenota Kob, var.. Gray, Knowsley Menag. 14; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 129. Antilope Koba, Ogilby, Penny Ency. fig. Hab. E. Africa. Female. E. Africa. Presented by Edward Cross, Esq. (Fi- gured by Mr. Ogilby in the Penny Ency. as A. Koba.) Half-grown male. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Female and young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. Skull, male. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Skull, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Kob, Daub. H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 1. Mr. Gray observes, " A fine pair has been at Knowsley some years. Thinking them new, I described them as A. annulipes. Mr. Ogilby has called it the Nagor, but it is scarcely the Nagor of Bufi'on. An adult male noticed by Mr. Ogilby as the Kob is now in the Museum of the Zoological Society ; its horns, like the male at Knowsley, are much worn down. They whistle like a stag. " Bufi'on {H. N. xii. 219. 267. t. 32. f. 1) figures a skull with horns, brought from Senegal by Adanson, under the name of Kob, which is also called the Petit Vache brune. Erxleben gave this figure the name of A. Kob, and Pennant called it the Gam- bian Antelope, Syn. i. 39. The figures somewhat resemble the head of a half-grown male of this species, but the horns are longer, and have more rings than the specimen in the British Museum; but I am inclined to agree with Mr. Ogilby in be- lieving that it was intended for this species. In the Jardin des Plantes they called the Sing- Sing the Kob of Senegal; this may be a mistake for the Koba. I may remark that the horns of the Koba in the same plate of Buffbn are represented with more rings than are mentioned in the description. " Colonel Hamilton Smith describes and figures a male and female specimen which were alive in Exeter Change, and figures E 98 MAMMALIA. the male and its skull and horns under the name of A. adenota, which well agrees with this species, and has the peculiar distri- bution of its hair ; hence its name : but he saj- s, it has ' a long open suborbital slit, and small black brushes on the knees ;' but this I suspect must be a mistake, as he himself observes that no lacrj^mal cavity was found in the skull. He might have mistaken the tuft of hair for the gland at the distance at which he saw the specimens. He also {G. A. K. iv. 221) described a specimen which was in Exeter Change, which he regarded as the Gambian Antelojye of Pennant, and calls A. forfex. His characters agree in most particulars with this species, but he says it had ' a long lacrymal sinus, and had small brushes on the knees.' If there was not some mistake in transcribing these descriptions, both these animals should be Gazellas, but I have never seen any which agreed with them. " The young male in the British Museum shows the develop- ment of the horns of these animals. The upper rings of the growing horn fall oiF in large thick flakes as the horn increases in size beneath : this explains how the extent of the smooth ta- pering part of the horns increases in length as the horn grows, and how the number of rings are found to be nearly the same in the various ages, and different individuals of the various species. Mr. Whitfield informs me that the scrotum is rarely developed or dependent externally in different kinds of Antelopes before they have completed their first year." ' The Antilope (Antilope) forfex, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 221, V. 827 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 627 ; which has been compared with this species, is perhaps a young Gazella. ** Horns elongate, recurved at the tip. Tail slender, tufted at the end. 2. Adenota Lechee. The Lechee. Pale brown. Orbit and lower part of body whitish. Front of legs dark brown. Horns elongated, strongly nodose in front. Withers with a small roundish whorl of hair. Lechee, Oswell, Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. xx. 150, 1850. Eleotragus, sp.. Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, Kobus Lechee, Knowsley Menag. 23, 1849. Adenota Lechee, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 130. Hah. South Africa; banks of river Zouga, lat. 22° S. A male. S. Africa; banks of the river Zouga, lat. 21°. Pre- sented by Capt. Frank Vardon, Madras Army. This animal is nearly as large as the Water Buck. The horns MAMMALIA. 99 are very like those of that animal; the neck is covered with short adpressed hair, and has no appearance of a mane. b. Neck maned on the sides. 20. KoBus. Horns elongate, sublyrate, bent back and then forwards at the tip. Muffle cer^'ine. Tear-bag none. Inguinal pores none. Hair rough, elongate. Neck covered with longer diverging and droop- ing hair. Tail rather elongated, depressed, hairy on the sides and below. Females hornless. Teats 4. Kobus, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v.; Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1 846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 15 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 130. Kolus, A. Smith, III. Zool. S. Africa; Gray. Cerv'icapra, sp., Sundevall. Eleotragus, sp.. Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848. iEgocerus, sp., Harris, Wild Animals Africa ; Lesson. CEgocerus, sp., et Neotragus, sp.. Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 178. 1. Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Photomok or Water Buck. Brownish. Rump with a whitish elliptical ling near the base of the tail. Horns converging at the tip. Antilope ellipsiprymna, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1833, 47 ; Harris, W. Anim. Africa, t. 14. Kolus ellipsipr\Tnnos, A. Smith, Illiist. Zool. S. A. t. 28, 29. Kolus ellipsiprymnus. Gray, List Mam. B. M. 159. Kobus ellipsipiymnus, Gray, Ann. <^ Mag. N. H. 1846, 232 ; Knowsley Menag. 15; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 130. A. CEgocerus ellipsiprymnus. Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 179. Antilope Kemas?, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 1. 181. f. 6, horns, Hab. South Africa. Male. S. Africa. From the South African Museum. Female. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. Skull and horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Horns. S. Afiica. From Mr. Warmck's Collection. The Water Buck lives in small herds on the banks of rivers, and has not occun-ed south of 26°. It is very timid, rushing into and crossing rapid rivers w^hen alarmed. The flesh is not esteemed as food, having a rank, pungent smell, but the taste is less so. 2. Kobus Sing-Sing. The Sing-Sing. Rump without any pale ring. Reddish or yellowish grey E 2 100 MAMMALIA. brown, rather greyer on the shoulders. Nose, lips, hinder parts of the thighs, under the neck, from the ears to the gullet, a streak over each eye, and ring above the hoofs and false hoofs, white. Belly and legs blacker. End of tail and legs, from shoulder to hough, black. Females greyer. Belly and upper part of legs paler. Antilope Sing-Sing, Bennett, Rep. Zool. Soc. ; Waterhouse, Cat. Zool. Soc. Mus. 41. Ji. 37s. Antilope defassa, Riippell, Faun. Abyss, t. 3. Redunca defassa, R'dppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 1822, 1845. Antilope unctuosa, Laurillard, D'Orb. Diet. Univ. H. N. i. t. 622 S , good. A. Neotragus unctuosa. Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 1/8, 1842. Antilope Koba, Ogilby, Penny Ency. ii. 7^ f- 9'> Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, not Erxl. ?Koba, Buffon, H. N. xii. 210. 267. t. 32. f. 2, horn? (more probably Damalis pygargal). ? Senegal Antelope (part.). Pennant, Syn. 38, part, from Buffon onlv. Hab. W. Africa. Female, adult. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Male, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. Skeleton, male, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Skull, female, adult. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Skull, female, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. This species varies much in the tint of the colouring, and in the length of the hair in the different seasons. In summer they are covered with very short, closely pressed fur, letting the skin be seen between the hairs. In the cold weather, and in England, the fur is longer and more abundant. The hair of the chin and neck is long and rigid in all seasons, and even in the young ani- mals. The tail of the adult specimen is cylindrical and nearly bald, ending in a tuft of black hair ; in the young specimens, especially in the winter fur, the base of the tail is fringed with hair on each side. The male is much brighter-coloured, and the chest and belly are nearly black, like the legs. The hinder parts of the rump of the young animals are greyish white ; in the older specimens it becomes pure white and broader in extent. This animal is called Sing-Sing by all the negroes. They do not think their flocks of cattle will be healthy or fruitful unless they have one of the Sing- Sings accompanying them, as some persons think a Goat necessary to be in a stable in England. The EngUsh on the Gambia call it the Jackass Deer from its ap- MAMMALIA. 101 pearance, and it is called Koha and Kassimame by the negroes at Macarthy's Island. Its flesh is very strong, unpleasant, and scarcely palatable. As far as I could judge by my recollection and description, the adult specimen at Knowsley, the young male and adult female in the British Museum, the male and female at Frankfort, and the adult male in the Paris menageries, are the same species. Buffon figured {Hist. Nat. 210, 26/. xii. t. 32. f. 2) under the name of Koba a pair of horns which were in the library of St. Victor at Paris. He described them as larger and more curved above than those of the Kob, eighteen inches long, and five inches in circumference at the base, and he refers them to an animal which Adanson says is called Koba in Senegal, and the Great Brown Cow by the French colonists. Pallas refers these horns to A. Pygargus, and the figures and description agree in many particulars with the horns of that species ; but they are rather longer, and have more rings. Pennant {Syn. Mam. 38) gave the name of Senegal Antelope to Bufibn's short account and figure, but has added to it the description and the figure of the head of a skin which came from Amsterdam, and appears to be A. Caama of South Afiica. Cmaer {Diet. Sci. Nat. ii. 235) only translated Pennant's name to A. Senegalensis. Erxleben {Syn. 293) and Zimmerman {Zool. 345) have translated Pennant's de- scription of his skin from Amsterdam of A. Caama, and called it A. Koba, referring to Buffon's description and Daubenton's figure. Fischer, Hamilton Smith and M. Sundevall regard the Koba of Bufibn the same as the Korrigum of Denham and Clapperton, but the horns of that species are considerably longer and much thicker at the base than those described by Daubenton, and the annulations of the horns are higher and more regular. It should be remarked that Buffbn describes his horns as ha^dng eleven or twelve rings, but figures them as having seventeen or eighteen. Mr. Ogilby {Penny CyclopcBclia and the Proceedings of the Zoolo- gical Society) considers Buff'on's Koba to be the Sing-Sing; in the length of the horns, and in the number, disposition and form of the rings, his figure more nearly agrees with the horns of that species than of that of the A. Pygarga, to which Pallas first referred it ; but the horns are represented much more lyrated than any horns of the Sing- Sing I have seen; indeed, not one of the specimens which have come under my observation have had any inclination to assume that form : but as this is the only Western-African species which in any way agrees with Buffon's figure, perhaps it is best to adopt Mr. Ogilby's suggestion. The name of Koba or Kob appears to be common to many species. Schinz en'oneously considers Damalis Senegalensis, Antilope adenota and A.forfex (H. Smith) as synonyms of this species. 102 MAMMALIA. c. Nape with an erect, recurved mane, 21. iEoOCERUS. Horns conical, elongate, recurved, rather compressed, ringed, arising immediately above the orbits. Nape with a linear, erect, reversed mane. Tear-bag covered with a tuft of hair. Female horned. Teats 2. SkuU with " a small suborbital fissure, but no fossa ; the masseteric ridge ascending high before the orbit ; the auditory bulla moderate ; the occipital portion of the skull much prolonged ; the basioccipital portion widened, its two pairs of tubercles much developed, with a deep groove between them ; the incisors gradually increasing in size to the median pair, which are not expanded at then- summits; the molars with largely- developed supplemental lobes." JEgocerus, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. , 1827; Fischer, Syn. 623; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850, not Pallas. Aigoceros, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 16; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 132. Egocerus, Desmar. Mamm. 475. Orvx, sp., Blainv. Bull. Sci. Phil. 1816; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 139. Hippotragus, Sundevall, Pecora, 72. Bubalides, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 159, 1814. 1. iEcocERUS LEUCoPHiEus. The Etaac or Blauboc. Glaucous grey. Capra caendea, Kolbe, Cap. i. 141. Antilope Leucophea, Pallas, Misc. 4; Spic. Z. i. 6, xii, 1; Erxl. Sijst. 271 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 182; Schreb. Saugth. i. 183. t. 278. A. Bubalides Leucophea, Licht. Berl. Mag.\i. 159; Thunb. Act. Petersb. iii. 314. A. Orjx Leucophea, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75 ; Desm. Mam. 475. A. Egocerus Leucophsea, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 510; Fischer, Syn. 480, 646. iEgocerus leucophaeus. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 158; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 58 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. Antilope Equina, Geoff. Cat. Mus. Par. in Cuvier R. A. i. 263 ; Diet. Sci. Nat. ii. 446. t. . f . . B. Oryx Equina, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam. 476 ; Desmoulin, Diet. Class. H. N. vi. 446. t., head ; Fischer, Syn. 480, 645. A. iEgocerus Equina, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 177. t., v. 811. Aigocerus Equina, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 16. Antilope am-ita, Burchell, MSS., fide H. Smith. MAMMALIA. 103 Antilope Osanne, I. Geoff. Diet. Sci. Nat. t. Antilope glauca, Forster, MSS. Onx Leiicophea, Ogilbi/, P. Z. S. 1836, 137. Blau bock, Licht. Reise, ii. 121. Blaue bocke, Kolbe, Vorgeb. 141. Blue Antelope, Penn. Syn. 24. fig. head, 29 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 355. t. 193. Tzeiran, Buff. H. N. xiii. 2/1. t. 31. f. 6, horn; Supp. vi. 168. t. 20. Blauw Bock, Dutch at Cape. Antilope Truteri, Fischer, Syn. 478, 644. Antilope (^gocerus) bai-bata, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 813. Capra ^Ethiopica, Schinz ; Cuvier, Thier. i. 403. Bouquetin a criniere d'Afrique, Cuvier, R. A. i. 266. Takhitse, Truter 4* Somm. Geog. Ephem. 1807, 274. Takhaize, Daniel, Afric. Scenery, xxiv. t. ? Bastard Eland, Licht. Reise, ii. 462. Hab. South Africa. Male. Cape of Good Hope. From the South African Museum, Male. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. Horns. South Africa. Skull and horns (of female?), horns slender. Base of skull and horns. South Africa. Horns (separate), short, thick. South Africa. Horns, separate. S. Africa. Mr. Argent's Collection. Var. 1 Docoi or White Mouth, Mandingoes, Kob or Koba of the loliffs. Vache brune, French in Senegal. Aigocerus equinus var.. Gray, Knowsley Menag. 16. Hab. West Africa, Whitfield. Two pair of horns. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. The Docoi is pale reddish brown. Hair pale at base, ^Aith a minute black tip. Front of fore-legs and hne on centre of tail blackish. Belly and inside of legs white. Face black brown. Cro^^^l and temple browTier. Nose, hps, eyebrows, tuft of hair before eyes, white. The head of the female covered with skin fr'om Macarthy's Island, on the coast of Gambia, which Mr. Whitfield brought home, did not appear to difi"er from the specimen from the Cape in the British Museum. The species does not appear to be uncommon in the locality, for Mr. Whitfield brought over several jjairs of horns. He informs me the flesh is very good venison. " It is called Docoi or White Mouth by the Mandin- 104 MAMMVLIA. goes, Kob and Koba by the loliffs, and Vache brune by the French at Senegal." This is certainly not the Kob of Buffon (xii. t. 32. f. 1, 2). The negroes at the Gambia declare that this animal never bears more than one fsiwn ; for after that period, the horns increase in length, and enter the loins and destroy the animals ! The small variety in the Paris, Upsal and Stockholm Museums, described as A. Leucophaus by Pallas and Sundevall, which was formerly found at the Cape, but is now said to be extinct, is the size of the Common Stag, Cervus Elaphus. M. Sundevall ob- serves that it is as different from A. Equina, as the species of Eleotragi and Tragelaphi are from one another ; and he observes, in a letter I have just received, " I must tell you, that after the in- spection of a whole series of -4. Equina, which Wahlberg brought home, I am convinced that the A. leucophcea of Pallas is a very distinct race. Our stuffed specimen, that must have been adult, has much smaller hoofs than the very young A. Equina, male as well as female, amongst Wahlberg's, and the tuft over the la- chrymal sinus, as I have shortly expressed in the printed survey." Mr. Gray observes, " When I examined the specimen at Paris, I regarded it as a young or rather dwarf specimen of A. Equina, and the absence of the nuchal crest led to this behef ; and I am not satisfied that the number of rings on the honas is a suffi- cient proof of its being adult." The Blaubok hves in herds of six to twelve, on the slopes and summits of small hills. They are most abundant north of the Kurrichane. They are exceedingly swift. Their flesh is used as food, but has a rank flavour, and is inferior to most of the South African Antelopes. — A. Smith. 2. iEcocERUS NIGER. The Black Boc. Black. Face white, with a dark streak. Female and young brown. Antilope niger, Harris, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 213. t. 29; Gervais, Diet. Sci. Nat. Supp. i. 267. Antilope Harrisii, Harris, Narrative. ^gocerus niger. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 158. Aigocerus niger (Sable Antelope), Harris, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, 2; W.A.S. Africa, t. 23, and head; Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 17; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 133 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. Hab. S. Africa. A male. S. Afi-ica. Major Harris's Collection. The specimen described by Capt. Harris. Male. S. Africa. From M. Sundevall's Collection. Female. S. Afiica. From M. Sundevall's Collection. mammalia. 105 22. Oryx. Horns elongate, subulate, ringed at the base, straight or slightly arched, placed on a line with the face. Neck maned above and below. Tear-bag none. Nose subcervine. Muffle only margining the nostrils. Hoofs narrow in front ; false hoofs large. Female . Teats 2 or 4. Skull : a suborbital fissure, but no fossa, the masseteric ridge not extending high ; the auditory bulla large and compressed ; the basioccipital bone with a raised eminence on each side ; molars with supplemental lobes. Oryx, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 182; Fischer, Syn. 624; Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1846,232; Knowsley Menag . 17; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. Bubahdes, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 155, 1816. Or>-x, sp., Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 139. A. Oryx, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816. A. Orix, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 180, 1842. * Horns straight. 1. Oryx Gazella. The Kookaam or Gemsboc. Horns straight, shelving backwards. Throat with a bunch of black hairs. Grey. Rump, face, spinal Hne, lateral streak, and a very broad band on the thigh and cubitus, black in summer. Black streak on the face conjoined under the chin. Young pale brown. Hair blackish at the base. Capra Gazella, Linn. S. N. i. 96. Antilope Oryx, Pallas, Spic. Z. i. 14, xii. 16. 65; Gmelin, S. N. i. 189. A. Bubahdes Oryx, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 155; Reise, ii. 38; Schreb. Saugth. 1177. t. 257. t. 257 a. f. 1 ; Desm. Mamm. 473. A. Oryx or}-x, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G. A. K. V. 814; Fischer, Syn. 478, 644; Burchell, Trav. ii. 23. Oryx Gazella, Gray, List Mamm. B. J/. 156; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 58; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1847, 232; Knowsley Menag. 17. t. 16. f. 2, young; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 124; Turner, P.Z.S. 1848. A. bezoartica, Pallas, Misc. 8. A. Gazella, Forster, MSS. 56. A. Recticornis, part,, Erxl. Syst. 272 ; Gatterer, Brev. Zool. i. 78 ; Pallas, Nov. Com. Petrop. xiii. t. 10. f. 6. Oryx or Gemsbok, Harris, W. A. S. A.t. 9, and head. Oryx capensis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 139; Harris, W. An. Africa, t. 9. E 5 106 MAMMALIA. Oi-yx, Cuvier, R. A. i. 262. Passan, Buff. H. N. xii. 212. 272. t. 33. f. 3; Supp.v. 157- 1. 17- Egyptian Antelope, Penn. Syn. 25; Quad. i. 72; Shaw, Zool. ii. 312. t. 183. Gems bock, Dutch at the Cape. Hab. South Africa. Female, adult. S. Africa. Young. Presented by the Zoological Society. Adult, S. Africa. Osteology. Passan, Daub. Buffon H. N. xii. t. 33. Single horn. South Africa. * Horns on base. South Afiica. Horns on head. South Africa. Horns on head. South Africa. Skull and horns. S. Africa. Mr. Stevens's Collection. The Gemsbock eat the bulb of the water-root, a liliaceous plant. — G. Cuming, Hunter's Life, i. 118. 2. Oryx Beisa. The Beisa. Horns straight. Throat without any bunch of hair. Pale grey. Face, belly and limbs white. Front of face, two streaks on cheek (not united under the throat), narrow line along throat, dorsal streak, streak on each side of abdomen, band round upper part, and streak in front of lower part, of fore-leg, and end of tail, black. Antilope Beisa, Ruppell, Atlas, t. 5. Oryx Beisa, Sundevall-, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H?. 1847, 232; knowsley Menag. 17; Proc. Z. Soc. 1849, 134. Hab. Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort. Osteology. Antilope beisa, Rilpp. Faun. Abyss, t. 5. The male and female in the Frankfort Museum are smaller than A. Gazella of the Cape, and both have the face-streaks se- parate ; there is a black streak on the throat, as in ^. Gazella, but no bunch, nor is there any in the Frankfort specimen of ^. Gazella ; the mane of the nape of the male is small, indistinct, continued behind in a broader dark streak to the middle of the loins. In the male the mane is blackish, in the female like the back. They have no dark mark on the rump, found in A. Ga- zella. MAMMALIA. 107 ** Horns arched, recurved. 3. Oryx Leucoryx. The Oryx. ^ i' • Horns slender, slightly arched, white, reddish varied ; in winter grey. Antilope Leucoryx, Pallas, Spic. i. 14; xii. 17. t. 3. f. 1. 61. A. Bubalides leuconx, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 156; Akad. Abk. 1824, 200. t. 1 ; Saugth. t. 1 ; Gmeliji, S. N. i. 190; Schreber, Saugth. 1180. t. 256; Ehrenberg, Sym. Phys. t. 3. O. (Oryx) leucoryx, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75 ; Desm. Mamrn. 474. A. Oryx leucoryx, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 815; Fischer, Syn. 479! 645. Antilope Algazella, Ruppell ; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. Antilope ensicornis, Ehrenb. Oi-yx leucoryx, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 139. Gazella recticornis, Pallas, Nov. Com. Petrop. xiii. 468. 1. 10. f. 5. Or\'X, Plin. Hist. Nat. ii. 40, viii. 55 ; Oppian. Cyneg. iii. ver. 445 ; Gesner, Quad. i. 870; Descrip. Egypt, v. 1. 18. f. 9, 10; Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 80; Oriental Misc. i. 12/. Oryx Leucoryx, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 139 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 156; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 56; Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 17- t. 16. f. 1. 1. 17; Proc. Zool, Soc. 1849, 134; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. Antilope Eleotragus, Schreb. t. , not description. Milk-white Antelope, Penn. Syn. 25 ; Quad. i. 76. t. 12. White Antelope, Shaw, Zool. ii. 315. t. 184. El Wah'ugh el Buki'as, Persians. Abu-hard, Jachmur and Yazmiu", Arabs. Antilope Gazella, Pallas, Sjjic. Z. xii. 17; Gmelin, S. N. i. 190; Schreb. Saugth. 1182. t. 257 a. f. 2, horn; Fischer, Syn. 479. 645. A. Oiyx Gazella, Blainv. Bull. S. Phil. 1816, 75. ? Antilo})e bezoardica, Erxl. Syst. 274 ? A. Bubalides bezoartica, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 158. A. (Oryx) bezoartica, H. Smith, G. A.K.v.%\1. Capra Gazella, Linn. S. N. i, 97 ? Gazella Indica, Brisson, Reg. A. 67. Gazella, Alpin, ^gypt. 232. t. 14. f. 1. Capra s. Hircus bezoartica, Aldrov. Bisulc. 755 fig. Algazel, Buffon, H. N. xii. 211. t. 33. f. I, 2 ; Penn. Quad. i. 11 ; Shaiv, Zool. ii. 216; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. Hob. N. or W. Africa; Nubia; Senaar; Senegal. Female. Senaar. Young. Senaar. 108 MAMMALIA. There is no appreciable difference between the Nubian and Senegal specimens. Osteology. Algazel, Daub. Buffon H. N. xii. t. 32. f. I, 2. Skull and horns. North Africa. Single horn of young. North Africa. Single horn. North Africa. Skull, young. Senaar. Note. 1 . Antilope Chora, Ruppell, Zool. Atlas, 22. A. (Alcelaphus) Chora, Fischer, Syn. 475. Hab. N. Africa. " Very doubtful ;" Ruppell. 2. Antilope Dammah, Ruppell, Zool. Atlas, 22. A. (Alcelaphus) Dammah, Fischer, Syn. 475, Hab. N.Africa; desert of Ham^a. " Y ery donhtful;" Riippell. d. Throat slightly maned. Nape not maned. 23. Addax. Horns slender, elongate, ringed, slightly spirally twisted, sloping nearly in a line \\dth the face. Forehead with long hair. Neck with a slight gular mane, but no nuchal mane. Nose ovine, hairy. Hoofs semicircular, thin-edged. Tear-bag marked with a tuft of ban-. Addax, Rafinesq. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815?; Gi^ay, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1846, 232 ; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. Addax, sp., Laurill. Oiyx, sp., H. Smith ; Fischer, Syn. 624. Strepsiceros, sp., Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845. Gazella, sp., H. Smith, G. A. K. Daraalis Acronotus, sp., H. Smith, G. A. K. A. Alcelaphus, sp.. Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 180. 1 . Addax nasomaculatus. The Addax. White ; forehead and front of face darker ; in winter grey. (Japra Cervicapra, Linn. S. N., fide Ogilby. Antilope Cervicapra, Children, Denhom's Travels. Antilope Addax, Licht. Berl. Abhand. 1824, 215. t. 2; Saugth. t. 2, fern, and young; Ruppell, Zool. Atl. 19. t. 7; F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. A. Oryx Addax, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 193. t. ; v. 818. A. Alcelaphus Addax, Fischer, Syn. 474, 641. MAMMALIA. 109 Antilope gibbosa, Savi, Mem. Fig.; Feruss. Bull. Sci. xx. 163. Antilope Gazella mytilopes, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 204. t. 182. t. 183. f. 6, head; v. 821 ; Fischer, Syn. 636. Antilope suturosa. Otto, Nova Act. Nat. Cur. xii. 521. t. 48; Griffith A. K. t. 180. A. (Alcelaphus) suturosa, Fischer, Syn. 475, 641. Damalis Aeronotus suturosa, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 350. t. ; V. 878. Strepsiceros quern Addacem, &c., Plinii H. N. xi. 37. Strepsiceros addax, R'dppell, Verz. Senck. 183. Strepsiceros, Coji, Opusc. 56 ; Gesner, Quad. 323. Addax, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t., winter and summer ; Ehren- herg, Symb. Phys. t. 4. Junior. Ant. Gazella nasomaculata (A. Bleue), Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom 1816, 75-78. t.; Journ. Phys. t. . f . ; Isis, 1819, t. 12 f. 4-7 ; Desm. Mam. 456 ; Fischer, Syn. 462, 630. A. Or\x addax, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 204. t. 210. t. head V. 821, jun. Addax nasomaculatus. Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 233 Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 58; Knowsley Menag. 17; Proc Zool. Soc. 1849; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. Orvx nasomaculata. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 156. Antilope (Oryx) Tao, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 816. A young female. N. Africa. From Mr. Bullock's Museum. (The specimen described as Antilope mytilopes, H. Smith, 1. 182, and A. nasomaculatus, Blainv.) Female and young. N. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. Horns (not united). North Africa. Presented by Captain Clapperton, R.N., and Major Denham. * Skeleton, imperfect. Presented by the Earl of Derby. The Caprine Antelopes. Body heavy. Legs and hoofs large. Tail very short, depressed, covered wifh hair to the base. Horns conical, rarely with a flat process in front. Caprine Antelopes (Antilopeae Caprinse), Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 18. Goat-Uke Antelopes, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 135. Ovine and Caprine Antelopes, Turner, P. 7^-. S. 1850. 110 MAMMALIA. a. Nose cervine, with a moderate muffle. Horns short, inclined, recurved. 24. Capricornis. Nemorhffidus, H. Smith; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Horns short, strong, conical, inclined, recurved, arising behind the orbit. Nose cervine. Muffle moderate. Tear-bag and inter- digital pores large. Skull with "no suborbital fissure; the fossa rounded, shallow, very variable in size, sometimes very minute ; the nasal bones rather short and broad, joining the maxillaries only by the interposition of some imperfect ossifications, or se- parated from them altogether; the masseteric ridge extending high before the orbit ; the auditory bullaj very small ; the basi- occipital bone broad, with moderately developed eminences ; the middle incisors shghtly expanded at their summits ; the molars vrithout supplemental lobes." Hab. Asia. Capricornis (Sumatranus), Ogilhy, P. Z. S. 1836, 138; Gray, Cat. Osteol Spec. B. M. 57; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 18 ; Proc. Zool. Sac. 1849, 135. Nemorhedus, sp., H. Smith; Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1848. Bubalides, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 115. Oryx, sp., Riippell, Verz. i. 80. 1. Capricornis Sumatrensis. The Cambing Outan. Black. Chin and linear nuchal mane yellowish, especially near the withers. Inside of the ears white. Young like adult. Antilope Sumatrensis, Shaw, Zool. ii. 354; Desm. Mam. 465; Fischer, Syn. 470, 639 ; Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. 266 ; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. A. Nemorhedus Sumatrensis, H. Smith, G.A. K. iv.277. t.; v. 861. Antilope Bubalides interscapularis, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 115, 1814; Schreb. Saugth. 1158. Capricornis Sumatrensis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 139 ; Gray, Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 57 ; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knows- ley Menag. 18 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 135. Cambing Outan, Marsd. Sumatr. 93. t. Nemorhedus Sumatrensis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.166; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. Sumatran Antelope, Penn. Quad. ii. 321. Oryx Sumatrensis, Riippell, Verz. Senck. i. 80. Hab. Sumatra. Mus. Leyden. Osteology. ? Frontal bone, with horns. MAMMALIA. Ill 2. Capricornis Bubalina. The Thaar or Thar. Grey brown, blackish washed. Crown and dorsal streak black. Thighs and outside of legs rufous. Nose, chin, inside of ears, lower part of mane, and legs below the hocks, whitish. Capricornis Thar, Ogilhy, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 139. Antilope Bubahna, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, ii. 12. Kemas proclivis vel Thar, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x. 913 ; Calcutta Journ. N. Jf. iv. 291. Antilope Thar, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1833, iii. 105 j 1834, 99; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. i. 346; iv. 1835, 889. Oryxl Thar, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 180. Nsemorhedus Thar, Hodgson, Proc. Z. Soc. 1834, 36; Journ. A. S. B. iv. 1835, 489. Kemas Thar, Hodgson. Naemorhedus procli\is, Hodgson, Zool. Nepal ined. B. M. t. Capricornis bubalina. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 166 ; Cat. Osteal. Sp. B. M. 57; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 27; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 18; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 135. Nemorhaedus Bubalina, Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. Hab. India; Nepal. Male and female. Nepal, Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Osteology. Frontal bone and horns. Nepal. Frontal bone and horns. Nepal. Skull, male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull, female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Horns. Nepal. Mr. Argent's Collection. Icon. Drawing of male. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 160. f. 1. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of male and female. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 161. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of head. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 163, 164. Presented by B. H, Hodgson, Esq. Dra\nng of skvdl. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 187. f. 5, 6. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. A head was sent to the United Ser^^ce Museum by Lieut. - Colonel Childers, of the 11th Dragoons, in 1820, under the name of Serow or Imo. " It is not speedy, as might be inferred from its make. Its flesh is very coarse and bad. It is usually killed with poisoned arrows." — Hodgson, I. c. 14. 112 MAMMALIA. The Thar or Suraw inhabits the sub-Himalaya as far north as the forest extends. They are not gregarious, and they rush with fearful precipitancy down the steep mountain. They rut in Fe- bruary or March, gestate eight months, and have one young in September or October. They always have a gall-bladder. — Hodg- son, Journ. Asiat. Soc. 1835, Sept. The Gorals and Thars differ from the Antelope in being stout, clambering animals, but they are not, as some have supposed, allied to the Bovines. — Hodgson. 3. Capricornis? CRISPA. The Japanese Goat Antelope. Fur harsh, crisp, brown or brownish. Sides whitish. Cheeks white. Legs black brown. Antilope crispa, Temm. Fauna Japon. t. , 1819. Capricornis crispa. Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 232 ; Knows- ley Menag. 18; Froc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 136. Hab. Japan. Mus. Leyden. Osteology. Temm. Fauna Japon. t. b. Nose ovine, without any muffle. Horns short, conical, recurved, ringed. 25. Nemorhedus. Horns short, conical, inclined, recurved, arising from behind the orbits. Nose ovine, hairy. Muffle none. Tear-bag none ? Interdigital pores none. Fur short. Nemorhedus, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850; Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1846, 232 ; Knowsley Menag. 18. Kemas (Goral), Ogilby, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 138 (not Lesson). Kemas, sp., Hodgson; Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182, 1842. Damalis, sp., /. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. Mr. Turner obsei-ves, "Although the 'tear-bag' is said to be wanting in the Goral, there is certainly a slight depression upon the lacrymal bone, and the pore with which the gland opens may be so small in this species as to escape detection in dried specimens . " — Turner. 1. Nemorhedus Goral. The Goral. Grey brown, minutely black-dotted. Streak on lower part of neck blackish. Cheeks, chin and upper part of throat white. Front of fore-legs blackish. Feet rufous. Young paler. Dorsal line rather darker. MAMMALIA. 113 Antilope Goral, Hardw. Linn. Trans, xiv. 518. t. 14 ; Calcutta Journ. N. H. i. t. 12. f. 2, 3; Fischer, Syn. 471, 639. A. Nemorhedus Goral, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 862; Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. i. 346 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, 105 ; 1834, 99. Kemas Goral, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 138 ; Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 291. Kemas ghoral, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182. Bouquetin de Nepaul, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t., copy of Hard- wicke. Antilope Goural, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1835, 418. Nemorhedus Goral, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 166; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 37 ; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 27 ; Ann. S,- Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 18; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Suja? et Goomast?, Affghanistan, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta. A. Duvaucellii, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 277, v. 861. A. Sumatrensis /3. Duvaueelli, Fischer, Syn. 639. Damalis Hardwickii, J. Brookes, Cat, Mus. 64, 1828. Naemorhedus Goural, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. B. iv. 1835, 488. N. Goral vel Hardwickii, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, 88 ; Journ. Asiat. Soc. B. x. 913. Hab. India; Sub-Himalayas. Hunter's skin, without feet. Nepal. Presented by General Hardwicke. Male and female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Young, half-gro\Mi. Nepal. Osteology. Horns (of female ?), very thin, far apart at the base. Two skulls of males. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Three imperfect skulls of females. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. Skeleton, imperfect. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Icon. Drawing of male, female and young. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 157 ; male copied t. 160. f. 2. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. Drawing of male and female. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 158. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of head of male and female in detail. — Hodgson, Icon, ined. B. M. t. 159. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of skull. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 187. f- 7, 8. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 114 MAMMALIA. The Goral inhabits the Sub-Himalayas as far towards the snows as the great forest extends, to which exclusively they adhere, living in families of four or six. Breeding amid the crags and rocky recesses : rutting in January : gestate six months : the young born in May or June. Note. — Antilope Nemorhaedus Duvaucellii, H. Smith, G.A.K. iv. 277, V. 861 ; Antilope Sumatrensis /3 ? Duvaucellii, Fischer, Syn. 639-^was described from a drawing sent to Paris by M. Duvaucel without any notes, as were most of his drawings. It is only a badly coloured tracing of a drawing of the Goral in General Hardwicke's Collection. It has no connection with C, Sumatrensis, to which many naturalists have referred it. In the Bengal Journal, two Antelopes, said to resemble the Goral, are mentioned as found in Affghanistan, one called Suja and the other Goomast. 26. Mazama. Horns small, conical, round, nearly erect, slightly incUned backwards, and recurved at the tip, ringed at the base. Nose ovine, hairy. Muffle none. Tear-bag none. Fur double; outer very long, hairy, dependent ; under fur short, woolly. Aplocerus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 1827; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Mazama, Rajinesque ; Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 232 ; Knowsley Menag. 19 ; not H. Smith, nor Ogilhy, P. Z. S. 1836. Rupicapra, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816. Capra, sp., Desmoulin, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. Ill ; Ogilhy, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 137. Ovis, sp., Ord, Bull. Soc. Phil. 1817. Antilocapra, sp.. Lesson. ^ 1. Mazama Americana. The Mazame or Spring-buck. White. Horns and edge of the nostrils black. Capra? Columbiana, Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 580; Fischer, Syn. 487. Capra Americana, Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. 268. t. 22. Capra montana, Harlan, Fauna Amer. Capra lanigera aut Americana, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137- Ovis montana, Ord, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817, 175; Journ. de Phys. Ixxxv. 333. Antilocapra montana. Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182. A. (Rupicapra) Americana, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 73-80. Antilope lanata (Mountain Sheep Antelope), Bennett, Cat. Mam. Zool. Soc. 1828, 14 fig., & 1829,, 18 fig. MAMMALIA. 115 Antilope Americana, Desm. Mam. 478. Antilope Aplocerus lanigera, H. Smith, Linn. Trans, xiii. 38. t. 4 ; G. A. K. V. 865. Mazama dorsata, Rqfinesque. Mazama sericea, Rajinesque. Antilope (Aplocerus) Mazama, H. Smith, Linn. Trans, xiii. 33 ; Griffith, A. K. V. 865; Fischer, Syn. 482. 647. Aplocerus Americanus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Mazama seu Cervms cornutus, Seba, Thes. i. 69. t. 42.- f. 3. Rocky Mountain Sheep, Jameson, Wern. Mem. iii. 306. Hab. N. America ; Rocky Mountains. Mus. Linn. Soc. Mus. Zool. Soc. 27. RUPICAPRA. Horns elongate, slender, round, nearly erect from above the orbit, suddenly hooked backward at the tip. Nose o^ane, hairy. Muffle none. Fm* soft. Skull \\ith " a minute suborbital fissure, but no fossa; the masseteric ridge ascending high before the orbit ; the auditory bulla veiy small and compressed ; the basi- occipital bone flat ; the incisors equal-sized, vertical ; the molars without supplemental lobes." — Turner. Antilope, Pallas, Misc. 4; Spic. 7. 17. A. Rupicapra, Erxleb. S. A. 268, 1777 ; Desm. 1804; Illiger, 1811. Capra, sp., Linn. ed. 6. 14. 17. Rupicapra, Fleming, Phil. Zool. 198, 1822; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. V. 182; Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 232. Rupicapradse, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 1. Rupicapra Tragus. The Chamoise or Gems. Yellowish brown, mth a dark dorsal streak ; in winter blackish. Antilope Rupicapra, Pallas, Misc. 4; Spic. i. 7, xii. 12; Gmelin, S. N. i. 182. A. (vera) rupicapra, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 171 ; Schreb. Saugth. 1200. t. 279; Burchell, Trav. ii. 23; Desm. Mam. 477. A. Rupicapra Rupicapra, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 76. A. (Rupicapra) Rupicapra, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 281 1., v. 863; Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. ii, 249 t. ; Reg. Anim. i. 264 ; Fischer, Syn. 481, 646. A. Rupicapra Persica, H. Smith, G. A.K. v. 863. Rupicapra p)Tenaica, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 863; Bonap. Fauna Ital. Rupicapra Europsea, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845. Rupicapra (haemuhcomis), J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 116 MAMMALIA. Capra Rupicapra, Linn. S. N. i. 95. Rupicapra tragus, Grai/, List Mamm. B. M. 167; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 57, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Rupicapra, Plinii H. N. viii. 53; Gesner, Quad. 321. fig. 329. Rupicapra Tragus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Rupicapra capella, Bonap. Fauna Ital. Tragus seu Dorcas, Klein, Quad. 17- 'At^ aypios, Oppian, Cyneg. ii. 338. Chamois, Perrault, Anim. i. 201, t. 29; Buffon, H. N. xii. 136, 177. t. 16; Penn. Syn. 17; Quad. i. 72; Shaw, Zool. ii. 361. t. 187. Gems, -Riding Jagdh. Th. t. 12; Kleine, Th. t. 72; Wilde, Thier. t. 25; Meyer, Thier. i. t. 66; Lewenwald. Damegraph. 1793; Allisser. v. Salins Marschlin Hopfn. Mag. i. 111. Hab. South Europe ; Switzerland ; Pyrenees and Pindarus. In summer coat, yellowish. Alps, Europe. In change (nose imperfect). Alps, Europe. In winter coat, blackish. Alps, Europe. Two skins. Mount Pindus. Presented by S. S. Saunders, Esq. Young. Alps, Europe. Osteology. Chamoise, Daub, in Buffon Hist. Nat. xii. t. 17- Two skulls and horns. Alps. Presented by General Hard- wicke. Three horns. Alps. Skull, with horns. Alps. Presented by John Gould, Esq. Skeleton. Alps. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. Three pair of horns of diflferent ages. Alps. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq. I have compared specimens from Switzerland, the Pyrenees and Mont Pilatus, and cannot discover any difference between them. 28. Antilocapra. Horns erect, arising directly over the orbit, compressed at the base, with a flattened process in front, and ending in a conical recurved tip. Nose ovine, hairy. Muffle none. Tear-bag none. Fur very close. Hair stiff", coarse, flattened, wavy. Tail very short. False hoofs none. Inguinal pores none. Legs rather slenderer than the other Goat Antelopes. Female homed. Skull with " no suborbital depression ; the fissure lengthened ; the nasal bones widest posteriorly ; the orbit a little elevated above the hue of the face, and the masseteric ridge not rising before MAMMALIA. 117 it; the auditory bulla moderate, compressed and angular; the incisors equal-sized, sloping ; the molars without supplemental lobes." — Turner. Dicranocerus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. \. 182; Fischer, Syn. 623 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Antilocapra (Americana), Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 19. Antilopecapra, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. Oreammos, Rafin. Mazama, Ogilhy, P. Z. S. 1836, 137. Cervus, sp., Blainville. Antilopecapradae or falcicornis, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 1. Antilocapra Americana. The Cabrit or Prong-horn. Pale brown ; beneath and caudal disk white. Antilope (Dicranocerus) furcifer, H. Smith, Linn. Trans, xiii. 28. t. 2; Griffith, A. K. iv. 1/0 t., 352 t., v. 808. A. rupicapra furcifer, Desm. Mamm. 479; Fischer, Syn. 481. 646. Antilocapra furcifer, Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. t. 21; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 170. Cervus bifurcatus, Rafinesque. Antilope (Dicranocerus) palmata, H. Smith, Linn. Trans, xiii. 31. t. 3, horns ; Griffith A. K. iv. 352 t., v. 809 ; Desm. Mamm. 4/9; Fischer, Syn. 481. 647; Coulter, P. Z. S. 1826, 121. Antilopecapra furcifer, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. Antilocapra americana. Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 58 ; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 19; Proo.Zool. Soc. 1849, 137. Cer\'US hamatus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 73. Antilocapra Americana, Ord ^* Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1818, 146 ; Journ. Phys. Ixxxviii. 314. Mazama furcifer, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137. Prong-homed Antelope, Lewis Sf Clark, Travels. Springbock, Anglo-Americans. Cabrit, Canadian Hunters. Kistu-he, JV. Amer. Indians. Hah. N. America ; in the plains in summer, and in the moun- tains in winter. Called the Goa^. Mexico (Cow/^er). A fawn, just bom. N. America. Presented by Sir John Richardson, M.D. Male and female. Rocky Mountains. Presented by the Hud' son's Bay Company. Male, adult, and young. Rocky Mountains. 118 mammalia. Anat; Antilope furcifer, H. Smith, Linn. Trans, xiii. t. 2. A. palmata, H. Smith, Linn. Trans, xiii. t. 3, horns only. * Skull, female. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hudson's Bay Company. Dr. Coulter brought a head from Mexico which had the face dark brown, and the horns large, wide-spreading and much hooked at the tip, like the A. palmata of H. Smith {Proc. Zool. Soc. 1826, 121). This is probably only a larger variety in the summer fur. II. The Antelopes of the Desert. Nose broad; nostrils subval- vular, and lined with bristles within. Antelopes of the Desert (Antilopese desertorum). Gray, Ann. ^• Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 19; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 138. Damalidffi, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. I am not aware that this division was ever hinted at until pub- lished in the Ann. 4' Mag. N. H. for 1846. Mr. Turner observes : " I will now proceed to the 'Antelopes of the Desert' of Mr. Gray, a very well-marked natural group, consisting of two distinct ge- nera, which have usually been widely separated. Mr. Blyth, however, in the translation of Cuvier's Animal Kingdom, hints at their affinity, and Mr. Waterhouse informs me that he has long held that opinion. Indeed he has placed the species next each other in the Catalogue of the Society's Museum." And again : " A. pygargus has usually been placed among the Gazelles, where it was left by Mr. Blyth, who speaks of it as leading ' through A. Caama, Bubalis, &c. to the Gnus.' Mr. Waterhouse, who in the Catalogue of the Society's Museum uses the generic name Antilope throughout, places this species between the Gazelles and the others of its natural genus, to which the Gnu follows. Mr. Gray, who had left it with the Gazelles in the List of Mam- malia in the British Museum, has removed it to its true place in his paper in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History." The reference to the Catalogue of the Zoological Society's Museum does not justify these observations. In the edition for 1839 I find the species placed in the middle of the genus .4n#iZope, intermixed with other subgenera, thus: 272. A.Dama; 273. A, Pygarga; 274. A. Caama; 275. A. Gnu; 276. A. Oryx; 277. A. leucoryx; 278. A. Sing-Sing (p. 41). The only observation I can find in Blyth respecting the sub- ject is as follows: "A. pygargus, which seems to tend through MAMMALIA. 119 A. Caama and bubalus, &c., to the Gnus" (p. 139); but in neither is there the slightest idea of the character which unites them to- gether as a natui-al group. A. Equine Antelopes. Muzzle broad, depressed, spongy, bristly j nostrils large, covered with a large spongy valve. Equine Antelopes (Antilopeae Equinse), Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 19; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 138. Catoblepas et Damalis (et acronotus), H. Smith, G. A. K. Damahdae, part., J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64. 29. CONNOCHETES. Horns bent down and outwards on the sides, broad at the base, bent up at the tip. Nose broad, dilated, spongy, bristly. Nostrils large, operculated. Tail elongate, bushy, hairy from the base. Hoofs compressed in front. IntermaxiUaries elongate, extending to the nasal, the front half expanded and flattened, the front part much dilated, flattened and sharp edged. Nose- hole rather large. Frontal bone much produced behind. Fe- males : teats 4. Skull : " the general characters the same as in Alcelaphus; but the depression before the orbit less marked; the occiput rather less prolonged, and its base, together mth the auditory bulla, broader." — Turner. Hab. S. Afi-ica. Connochetes, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi., 1814. Catoblepas, Plin. ; Gray, Lond. Med. Rejjos. 1821 ; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; Fischer, Syn. ii. 625; Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 184/, 232 ; Knowsley Menag. ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850 ; Cuvier, Reg. Anim. ed. 2. i. 274. Catablepas, /. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64. Boselaphus (type), Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 75. Bos, sp., Forster MSS. This genus, which has all the characters of the true Antelopes, in the slenderness and proportion of the leg-bones, has been placed with the Oxen by Forster, and in the Bovine section by Professor Sundevall. Lichtenstein's name has undoubted priority of pubUcation. a. Nose with a crest of reversed hair. Chest maned. Catoblepas, 1. Connochetes Gnu. The Gnu or Kokoon. Nose with a tuft of reversed hair. Chest maned. Brown or 120 MAMMALIA. blackish; the lower part of the mane and tail often paler or whitish. Young pale fulvous. Nasal, gular and nuchal mane black. Antilope Gnou, Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. ii. 102; Gmelin, S. N. i. 189. A. Connochaetes Gnu, Ldcht. Berl. Mag. vi. 165; Reise, ii. 66 ; Schreb. Saugth. 1165. t. 280; Cuvier, Diet. S. N. ii. 24/. t. ; Harris, W. A. Anim. t. 1, and heads; Burchell, Trav. i. 24, 431, 432, ii. 278 ; Desm. Mam. 472. A. Boselaphus Gnu, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Fischer, Syn. 475, 642. A. Capensis, Gatterer, Brev. Zool. i. 80. Catablepas operculatus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64. Bos Connochaetes, Forster, MSS. 66. Bos Gnu, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. 339. Catoblepas Gnu. H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 885; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 154; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 232. Catoblepas Gnou, Gray, Last Osteal. Sp. B. M. 59. Antilope Boselaphus Taurina, Fischer, Syn. 476. Antilope Taurina, Burch. Travels, ii. 277- fig- Antilope Gnu var. grisea, Goldfuss. Catoblepas Taurina, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 886; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 154, not A. Smith. Katoblepas, ^lian, Anim. vii. 5 ; Plinii H. N. viii. 39. T'Gnu, Hottentots, Sparrm. K. Svensk. V. Hand. 1779, 76. t. 3. Gnou or Niou, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. 39. t. 8; Cuvier, R. A. i. 264 ; Daniel, African Scenery, t. 3. Boschbuffell, Vosmaer, Besch. 1784, t. Gnou Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 70; Shaw, Zool. i. 319; Barrow, Travels; Burchell, Trav. ?Koknu, Truter ^ Somm. Geog. Ephem. 1807, 273. Wildebeest, Dutch at Cape. Kokong, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 166. Hab. S. Africa. S. Africa. Presented by William Burchell, Esq., LL.D. Half-grown. S. Africa. Young? S. Africa. Young. South Africa. From the South African Museum. Young. S. Africa. Three parts grown. S. Africa. Osteology. Frontal bone and horns. South Africa. Presented by J. HiUier, Esq. Skull, with horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. MAMMALIA. 12^ Skeleton. S. Africa. From the Zoological Society's Collection. Skull, with horns. S. Africa. Icon. Drawing of the head in colours by Rymsdyk, 1775. — Bank. Icon. ined. B. M. t. 56. Bos Connochaetus. — G. Forster, Icon. ined. B. M. i. 1. 19, 19 a, 20-28. The Antilope Gnu of Burchell, H. Smith, F. Cuvier and Hanis, " and the Kokong of Lichtenstein," has a white tail and mane. Burchell and H. Smith have given the name of A. taurina to the specimens which have those parts black. When young they are fulvous, and become black as they reach maturity. The speci- men of the Kokoon in the Museum of the London Missionary Society (Blomfield Street, Moorfields), named by Colonel H. Smith Kokoon {Cat. taurina, GriflP. A. K. iv. 369, v. 368), is an adult common Gnu, C. Gnu ( Var. mane and tail white ; Kokong, Licht. Trav. Cape), and his description of Dr. Burchell's speci- men in the British Museum agrees with the Gnu in having the ridge of hair on the face. Indeed, Dr. Burchell {Travels, ii. 278) appears to consider the difference between the Gnu and A. tau- rina, that the former has a white and the latter a black tail. Dr. Andrew Smith {Illust. Zool. S. A.) has regarded the C. tau- rina and C. Gorgon as the same species. Dr. Sundevall, in his Synopsis, has, by mistake, given the name of C. taurina to the Gorgon, or Brindled Gnu {C. Gorgon, H. Smith). b. Nose with smooth hair. Chest not maned. 30. Gorgon. 2. CoNNOCHETES GoRGON. The Gorgon or Brindled Gnu. Face convex, smooth, covered with hair lying towards the nose. Chest not maned. Black, varied and striped with grey. Half -grown blackish; crown grey. Young dai'k grey; face, gular and nuchal mane, and end of tail, black. Catoblepas Gorgon, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 3/1. t., v. SS7 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 154; Ann. S,- Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 20. t. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 139. Antilope Boselaphi Gorgon, Fischer, Syn. 643. Antilope Gnu var., Smut, Mam. Cap. 94. Gorgon fasciatus. Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. Bastard Wilde Beest, Dutch at Cope. Kokoon or Brindled Gnoo, Harris, S. Africa, t. 4, and head. Catoblepas Taurina, Sundevall, Pecora; not Burchell nor H, Smith. Hah. S. Africa; Cape of Good Hope. Male. From the South African Museum. 122 MAMMALIA. Female. S. Africa. Youns:. S. Africa. From the S. African Museum. Half-grown. S. Africa. Osteology. Skull. S. Africa. The Brindled Gnu lives to the north of the Black River or Nugariep, and though herds feed almost on its banks, yet it is not known to cross it. It occurs in large herds on the plains north of the Orange River, and when alarmed each herd de- camps in long regular files. The flesh is much sought after. The Bechuana use the skins for their cloaks or mantles. — And. Smith. Note. — Catoblepas Brooksii, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 366. t. . f. , from horn only, is a very doubtful species. E. The Bovine Antelopes. Nose moderately broad, with a moderate or small, bald, moist muffle. Horn high on the frontal ridge. Grinders rather small, without supplemental lobes. The cen- tral cutting-teeth enlarged at the end. Skull with " a large deep impression before the orbit, but no fissure j the masse- teric ridge not extending high j the bones of the face length- ened downwards and forwards, and the occiput also pro- longed and drawn downwards j the process upon the alisphe- noid bone, which terminates the pterygoid ridge, prolonged and ensiform j the auditory bulla large and prominent, en- closing a large rounded space for the attachment of the sty- lohyal bone j the basioccipital tubercles high and sharp, the groove between them narrow in front, wide behind, with a fiat space between the occipital condyles; the median incisors expanded at their summits j the molars rather small, narrow, and without supplemental lobes, showing, when somewhat worn, a pit in the middle." — Turner. Bovine Antelopes, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846 j Knowsley Menag. 20. Damalis § acronotus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv.-v. Alcelaphus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Damalidae, part., J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64. 31. Alcelaphus. Horns lyrate, on the upper edge of the rather produced frontal bones, thick at the base, end suddenly curved at a nearly right angle. Nose moderately broad, cervine. Muffle moderate, bald, moist. Crumen covered with a tuft of hair. Female : teats 2. Alcelaphus (Bubahs), Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816. Acronotus, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182 ; Fischer, Syn. 625. MAMMALIA. 123 Boselaphus, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; Knoivsley Menag. 20; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 139; not Blainv. Alcelaphus, sp.. Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. Buselaphus, Raii Syn. Gazella, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816. ?Bubalis, Rqfinesque, Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. 1. Alcelaphus Bubalis. The Bubale. Pale brown, nearly uniform. Rump like back. Antilope Bubalis (part.), Pallas, Misc. 7; Spic. Z. xii. 16 (not syn.). Antilope Bubalis, Goldfuss, Schreb. Saugth.WJl. t. 277 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 288; Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. ii. 241. t.; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. ; Fisch. Syn. 473, 641. A. Bubalides Bubalis, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 163 ; Burchell, Trav. i. 420, ii. 82, 334. A. (Alcelaphus) BubaUs, Blainv. Bull. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam. 466. Damahs (acronotus) bubalis, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 876. Damalis bubahs, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64. Bubahs Maiu-itanicus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 139. Alcelaphus BubaUs, Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1848. BovjSaXof, OjJpian, Cyneget. ii. 300. Bubalus, Plin. H. Nat. viii. 15; Aldrov. Bisulc. 363. fig. 365. Buselaphus Cagii, Raii Quad. 81. Boselaphus BubaUs, Gray, Ann. df Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; Knowsley Menag. 20. t. 20. f. 1 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 139. Acronotus BubaUs, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 157 ; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 58. Vache de Barbaric, Perrault, Mem. Hist. Anim. i. 203, ii. 24. t. 39. Bekker el Wash, Yachmur biUcus, Shaw, Reise, 151, 358. Bubale, Buffon, H. N. xii. 294. t. 37. t. 38. f. 1; Supp. vi. 133. t. 14 ; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. Bubale des Anciens, Cuvier, Reg. Anim. i. 161. Cervine Antelope, Penn. Syn. 37 ; Quad. i. 102 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 331. t. 184. Hab. North Africa. Young. N. Africa. From Mr. Eraser's Collection. Osteology. Bubale, Daub, in Buffon H. N. xn. t. 37, t. 38. f. 1, 2. Skull and horns, one deformed. North Africa? Frontal bone and bonis. North Africa ? Var. 1.? Tunisianus. Uniform pale brown; with a dark brown streak down the outer side of the front of the fore-legs, hke f2 124 MAMMALIA. the streak on the leg of the Lecama or Harte beest from South Africa, which is not generally found in this species. Boselaphus Bubalis var. 1, Gray, Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 139. Hab. Tunis. A skin, without a head or hoofs, brought by Mr. Fraser from Tunis ; it probably indicates a third species, or perhaps the dark streak is only marked in the very adult or fully-coloured specimens. 2. Alcelaphus Caama. The Lecama or Harte beest. Grey brown. Dorsal line, streak on face, outer side of limbs, black. Large triangular spot on the haunches whitish. Antilope Caama, Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat, ii. 242, 1816. A. (Alcelaphus) Caama, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm Mam. 4^1 ; Fischer, Syn. 474, 841; Burchell, Trav. i. 420. Antilope (Bubalides) Bubalis (part.), Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 163 Schreb. t. 2/7. Acronotus Caama, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 157; Cat. Osteol B. M. 58. Boselaphus Caama, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1847, 233 Knowsley Menag. 20. t. 20. f. 2, young; P. Z. Soc. 1849, 140 Antilope Dorcas, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. 316. Damalis acronotus Caama, H. Smith, G.A.K. iv.338.t. 197,v.877 Bubale, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 38. f. 2 ; Suppl. vi. 135. t. 15. Harte beesten eller Dorcas, Sparrm. in K. V. Handl. 1779, 151 t. 5, bad. Caama, Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. ; Reg. Anim. i. 261 ; Pallas, Misc 7; Spicil. i. 12 (not syn.). Antilope Senegalensis, Cuvier, Diet. Sei. Nat., from Pennant. Antilope Koba, Erxleb. Syti. 293, from Pennant. ? Senegal Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 103. t. 50. vig. 40, head. Harte beest, Dutch at Cape. Kaama, Hottentots. Licama, Coffers. Hab. South Africa. (Not in good state.) S. Africa. Part of Sir Hans Sloane's Museum. Male. S. Africa. From the South African Museum. Adult male. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Male, young. S. Africa. Osteology. Frontal bone and horns. South Africa. Frontal bone and horns, wide apart, very rough. South Africa. Horns, with the head stuffed. South Africa. MAMMALIA. 125 Frontal bone, with the skin on. South Africa. Horns. South Africa. Two pair of horns. S. Africa. Mr. Warwick's Collection. Skull, without lower jaw. S. Africa. Nine pair of horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Icon. Antilope Bubalis, Hardw. Icon. ined.B. M. n. 10,975. 1. 164, 165. Pennant figures the head and horns of this species under the name of Senegal Antelope, and erroneously refers to Buffon's figures of the horns of the Koha as representing the species, which has occasioned some confusion; for the A. Senegalensis (Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. ii. 235) is an abbreviation, and A. Koba (Erxle- ben, Syn. 293) is a translation, of Pennant's description of this species. Pennant's specimen is said to come from Senegal, but he describes the nuchal line and the knees as black, and the figiu-e indicates the dark colom* on the face of the Cape species. The Hartebeest has an extensive range ; it is found every\^ here in the flat and wooded districts between the Cape of Good Hope and the Tropic of Capricorn. Its movements are ungraceful, and give a notion of great exertion, but when urged by danger it shows no want of either agility or endurance. The flesh is esteemed. — A. Smith. 32. Damalis, H. Smiths Horns lyrate, diverging, subcylindrical. Nose moderately broad, cervine, with a small bald moist muffle between and be- low the nostrils ; an exposed tear-bag. Female : two teats. Damalis acronotus, sp. (Koba), H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182. Damalis, Gray, Ann. 4' Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; Knowsley Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 140. Alcelaphus, sp., Fischer, Syn. ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Bubalis, sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 83. Gazella, sp. (pygarga), Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816; H. Smith, G. A. K.\.; Fischer, Syn. 642. * Horns recurved above, diverging from the base. Face dark in front. y 1. Damalis lunatus. The Sassayby. Rufous, glaucous. Outer side of limbs dark. Antilope lunata, Burchell, Trav. ii. 334, 591. fig. Damalis acronotus lunatus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 352. t. 198, V. 880. A. Alcelaphus lunata, Fischer, Syn. 642. 1 126 MAMMALIA. Acronotus lunatus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 157. Alcelaphus lunatus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. Damalis lunatus, A. Smith, Zool. S. Africa, t. 31; Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 8, and head; Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 57; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; Knowsley Menag. 21; Proc. Zool Soc. 1849, 140. Bubalis lunata, Sundevall, Pecora, 83. Sassaybi, Daniel, Afric. Scenery, t. Hab. S. Africa. Female. S. Africa. From the South African Museum. Male. S. Africa. Osteology. Burchell, Trav. ii. 591. fig. Horns and skin of legs. South Africa. Presented by W. Bur- chell, Esq., LL.D. Horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. Two pair of horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. The Bastard Hartebeest inhabits between Latikoo and the Tropic of Capricorn. It lives in herds of six or ten in the flat or wooded districts. Its flesh is esteemed. Where not disturbed it is confiding and curious, but where hunted it becomes vigilant and shy. — A. Smith. ** Horns regularly lyrate, nearly parallel at the base, and then diverging and approaching at the tips. Face black marked. Crumen moderate. 2. Damalis Senegalensis. The Korrigum. Reddish grey. Front of face from nose to occiput, a small spot behind the eyes, a small streak above the angle of the mouth, and streak on outside of the limbs above the knees, and tuft of the tail, black. Very young : uniform pale brown, vkith- out any dark marks. Damalis (Acronotus) Senegalensis, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. t. 199. f. 3. Antilope Koba, Children in Denham ^ Clapperton's Travels (not Erxleben). Bubalis Koba, Sundevall, Pecora, 83. Bubalis lunata, Sundevall, Act. Stockh. 1842, 201, 243 (not Burchell). Damahs Senegalensis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B.M. 59; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; Knowsley Menag. 21. t. 21. Damalis Korrigum, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 158. Antilope Corrigum, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 103; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 158. MAMMALIA. 12/ A. Gazella Korrigum, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 176. Alcelaphiis Senegalensis, Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. Hab. West Africa; Gambia River, Macarthy's Island, Mr. Whitfield, called Yonga ; Senegal ; Senaar. Mus. Stockholm. Yomig. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. Skull and horns. Bomou. Presented by Capt. Clapperton, R.N., and Major Denham. (The specimen figured by Col. H. Smith, and noticed by Mr. Children.) Skull and horns. Bornou. Presented by Capt. Clapperton, R.N., and Major Denham. Skull. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Mr. Whitfield informs me this species is found on Macarthy's Island, on the Gambia; they afl"ord very good venison; are called Yonga or Yongah by the lolifi's, and Tan Rong by the Mandingoes. In Denham Sf Clapperton'' s Travels I regarded this species as the Koha of Buffon, and Colonel H. Smith and Dr. Sundevall are of the same opinion : but on comparing the six pans of homs of this species which I have been able to examine with Buffbn's figure and descriptions, I find them all longer and much thicker at the base than Bufibn describes them ; the thinner specimen (a female?) being 7 and the others 9 or 9|^ inches in circumference, while that Bufi'on described is only 5 inches. The rings are also more elevated, and reach nearer to the top than in Buffon' s figure. All the characters lead me to believe that the horns figured as those of the Koba by Buffon belong to Damalis Pygarga. Colonel Hamilton Smith, in Griffith's Animal Kingdom, de- scribed and figured the heads brought home by Messrs. Denham and Clapperton as Antilope Senegalensis, but they are different from the one so called by Cuvier. Mr. Ogilby, in the Proceed- ings of the Zoological Society (1826, 103), proposed to call these heads A. Corrigum. Under the name of Antilope Koba, Schinz {Syn. Mam. ii. 407) combines the A. defassa, Riippell, Damalis Senegalensis and Antilope adenota, H. Smith, the Koba of Buffon, and the Anti- lope Koba or Caama of Erxleben. *** Horns regularly lyrate, parallel at the base. Face of the adult white. 3. Damalis Pygarga. The Nunni or Bonte boc. Purple red. Outer side of the limbs darker. Streak between horns, face, and rump above the tail, white. Temple and upper 128 MAMMALIA. part of throat whitish. Legs whitish, upper and lower part brown varied. Female : throat and under part of body white. Fawn pale yellowish brown. Antilope Pvgarga, Pallas, Spic. xii. 15 (not syn.) ; Sparrm. Act. Holm. 1780, 3. A. (vera) Pygarga, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 166; Gmelin, S. N. i. 189; Schreb. Saugth. 1187- t. 273; Desm. Mam. 456; Bur- chell, Trav. i. 290, ii. 335. A. Gazella Pygarga, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 820; Fischer, Syn. 461, 629. Alcelaphus Pygargus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. Antilope pygargus, Pallas, Spic. i. 10. Gazella Pygarga, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 161. Bubalis pygarga, Sundevall, Pecora. Antilope Dorcas, Pallas, Misc. 6 — not Spicil. i. 11. Damalis Pygarga, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; Knowsley Menag. t. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 140. White-faced Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 93 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 352. Bonte bok or Pied Antelope, Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 17. Antilope personata (Bonte bok), H. Woods, Zool. Journ. iv. 524, V. 2. t. 1, young, not arrived at its colour; P. Z. S. iii. 45. Nunni, Bushmen. Hab. S. Africa. Horns, long and slender. Mr. Warwick's Collection. Osteology. Koba, Daub, in Buffon H. N. xii. 268. t. 32. f. 2. Skull. CaDc of Good Hope. Presented by William Burchell, Esq., LL.D. ' Horns. South Africa. Two pair of horns. S. Afiica. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. Horns, ten pair. S. Africa. Male. Male and female. S. Africa. From Dr. Smut's Collection. Young, pale bro\Mi. S, Africa. Very young. S. Africa. From M. Verreaux's Collection. Male, adult. S. Africa. These animals are often brought to the Cape market for food. The names Kob and Koba appear to be generic among the negroes for Antelopes. Colonel Smith, Professor Sundevall, and Mr. Children in Clapperton's Travels, have considered the horns figured by Buffon under the name of Koba the same as Damalis Senegalensis of this work. The comparison of six pairs of horns of that animal with Buffon's figure and description has led me to doubt the identification. I believe they are the horns of the MAMMALIA. l29 Bontebok, D. Pygarga; if so, all the following names which have been given to these horns must be regarded as synonyma of this species. A. Tragelaphus Senegalensis, Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 181. Koba, Bufon, H. N. xii. 210, 268. t. 32. f. 2, horns cop. E. M, t. 53. f. 2. Damalis Koba, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. ? Senegal Antelope, Penn. Syn. 38. fig. at 39, head. Antilope Koba, Erxl. Syst. 293; Desm. Diet. H. N. ii. 187; Fischer, Syn. 463, 630. A. Gazella Koba, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75. Antilope Senegalensis, Cuvier, Diet. Sc. Nat. ii. 235; Desm. Mamm. 457. 4. Damalis albifrons. The Bless bock. Purple red. Front of face, spot between horns and on tem- ples, the hinder edge of rump below the tail, white. Throat, stripe down the outer side of front of legs, brown. Antilope albifrons (Bless bok), Burchell, Travels, ii. 335?; Har" ris, W. Anim. Africa, t. 21, and head. Bubalis albifrons, Sundevall, Pecora, Damalis albifrons. Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; Knowsley Menag. 22. t. 22. f. 1, half-grown; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 141. A. Pygarga, part., Mus. Paris, 1851. Hab. South Africa. Dr. Bm'chell, when speaking of the Bless bock, proposed to call it A. albifrons, as the name Pygarga has been used for both the Springer and the Bless bock ; but it is not certain if he in- tended by Bless bock this or the preceding species. Captain Harris's figure shows the distinction of the two species, and he applies Dr. Burchell's name to the one now described. A half-grown specimen of this species, when compared with a similar-sized specimen of D. Pygarga in the same paddock, was darker, with a pale spot between the horns, separated by a dark spot from the white on the face ; the temple was white, with a white spot ; the legs had a brown stripe down the outer side of the front ; and the throat and rump brown, the latter without any white spot. **** Horns unknown. 5. Damalis? Zebra. The Doria. Bright golden brown, with several black cross-bands narrow- ing at the end. Outside of the fore- and hind-legs dark brown. f5 130 MAMMALIA. Antilope, n. s., Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, 122. Antilope Zebra, Gray^ Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 27, 1836. Cephalophorus ? Zebra, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 154. Antilope (Calliope) Doria, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 121 (not described) ; Frazer, Zool. Typica, t. Antilope Zebrata, Robert, Echo du Monde Savante, 1836; Ger- vais. Diet. Sci. Nat. Supp. i. 267. Damalis? Zebra, Gray, Knowsley Menag. Canis or Viverra Zebra, Whitfield, MSS. Antilope fasciata?, Geof. D. H. N. 53. Hab. W. Africa. Flat skin, without limbs. Sierra Leone. Skins without head and feet are alone known ; they are brought down the river by the negroes. In the Catalogue of the Mam- malia in the British Museum, I have referred this species with doubt to Cephalophus. Mr. Ogilby (P. Z. S. 1836, 121) thinks it should be referred with the Harness Antelopes to Calliope. I am inclined, on account of the dark mark on the outside of the limb, to think it belongs to the genus Damalis. Mr. Whitfield believes it, on the authority of the negroes, to be a species of Viverra. The specific name is supposed to be commemorative of Mrs. Fig. 1. Skull of Eleotragus arundinacea. Female (see p. 92). MAMMALIA. 131 Ogilby, whose christian name was Doria. In the Catalogue of the Zoological Society it is called the Gilded Antelope. Section 2. Horns subangular, with a more or less distinct ridge on the front angle. Knee in the middle of the fore-leg — Angulicornia. Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 230. Subtribe III. Strepsicerece. Horns subspiral, inclined back- wards. Crumen distinct. Nostrils near together in front. Fore- head flat. Males not bearded on the chin. Fur white banded or spotted. Females : teats 4, in a small udder. Antilope, § C. spirahbus. Gray in J. Brookes, Cat. Miis. 63, 1828. Strepsicereae, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 230. Strepsiceres, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 142; Knowsley Menag. Antilope, part. (Tragelaphus), et Damalis, part. (Boselaphus, Strepsiceros et Portax), H. Smith, G. A. K.y. ; Fischer, Syn. 625. Strepsiceros et Portax, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Bovina, part. (Portax), Sylvicaprina, part., Sundevall, Pecora. Addax, sp., Laurill. Bos, part., Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 32, 1830. The animals of this subtribe are peculiar as being the only hol- low-horned or Boiine Ruminants which are marked with white stripes and spots. The bands are not ver\' distinct in the Im- poofo or Eland, but they are easily to be observed in the female, if it is looked at obliquely, which was brought home by Burke, and presented to the British Museum by the Earl of Derby. The skull, which somewhat resembles that of the Deer, has a rather small nasal opening, no suborbital pit, and only a small suborbital fissure. Colonel H. Smith forms of the larger species three of his four subgenera of Damalis : he places the smaller kinds as a subgenus {Tragelaphus) of Antelopes. Prof. Sundevall placed the genera here brought together in two different families; the genus Portax with the Bovina, and the others in the Sylvicaprina, or True Antelopes. M. Agassiz has observed, that the horns of the Strepsiceres and the Sheep are t\^isted in the contrary direction. Mr. Ogilby has justly observed, that the right horn of the Strepsiceres is twisted in the same direction as the left horn of the Sheep, and vice versa. — Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. 5/. 132 MAMMALIA. Synopsis of Genera of STREPSiCERiE. I. Limbs equal. African. a. Nose cervine. Neck with a linear mane. 1. Strepsiceros. Horns spiral, keeled. 2. Oreas. Horns straight, with a spiral keel. b. Nose bovine. Neck with long hair. 3. Tragelaphus. Horns subtriangular, subspiral. n. Hinder legs short. Asiatic. 4. Portax. Horns short, subtriangular. I, The African Genera have large heavy horns, only the rudi- ment of a tear-bag, and the limbs nearly equal. Skull with " the nasal opening of moderate size ; a suborbital fissure, but no fossa ; the masseteric ridge not extending high ; the auditory bulla swollen and prominent ; the basioccipital bone with its an- terior and posterior pairs of tubercles well developed, the former separated by a deep median groove; the median incisors ex- panded at their summits; the molars without supplemental lobes." — Turner. Strepsiceros, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Antilope et Damalis, part., H. Smith. Sylvicaprina, Sundevall, Pecora. A. Horns with strong spiral keel. Nose cervine, hairy. Muffle small, between and under the front half of the nostrils. Body large, heavy. Neck maned. 1. Strepsiceros. Horns large, heavy, spirally twisted, with a distinct, raised, rounded keel in front. Tear-bag a naked space. Throat with a central linear mane. FemaZes hornless. (Skull, t. 17- f. 1, 2.) DamaUs Strepsiceros, H. Smith,- Griffith A. K.v. , 182. Strepsiceros, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 230; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Boselaphus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 181, 1842. Risia, Laurill. Calliope, sp., Ogilby. MAMMALIA. 133 1. Strepsiceros Kudu. The Eechlongole or Koodoo. (t. 17. f. 1, 2.) Grey, white striped. Face with a broad, white, lunate cross band. Antilope Strepsiceros, Pallas, Misc. 9; Spic. i. 17, xii. 19; Gmelin, S. N. i. 192. A. (gazella) Strepsiceros, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 172; Schreb. Saugth. 1207. t. 267 ; Burchell, Trav. i. 267, 337, 374. A. (Tragelaphus) Strepsiceros, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam. 468 ; Fischer, Syn. 472. 640. Strepsiceros Capensis or Koodoo, Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 20, and head. Damalis (Sti-epsiceros) Strepsiceros, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 883. Calliope Strepsiceros, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 138. Strepsiceros excelsus, Sundevall, Pecora, 71- Bos Strepsiceros, Aldrov. Bisulc. 368. fig. 369. Capra Strepsiceros, Jonst. Quad. t. 24 ; Houtt. Nat. Hist. iii. t. 26. f. 1, 2. Strepsiceros kudu, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 155; Osteol. B. M. 59. Condoma, Buffon, H. N. xii. 301. t. 39. f. 1, 2 (cop. E. M. t. 66. f. 2) ; Supp. vi. t. 13. Coudu, Vosmaer, Besch. 1783, t. Cerf du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Colini, Comm. Palat. i. 487. t. Airikanischer Kutu, Knorr, Delic. iii. t. K. Striped Antelope, Penn. Syn. 31. Quad. i. 88. t. 14 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 324. t. 185 ; Daniel, African Scenery, t. Knorr, Delices, i. t. K. 1. f. 1, t. K. v. f. 1, t. K. xi. Hab. S. Africa. In bad state. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Male. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. Skull, 1. 17. f- 1, 2. Condoma, Daub. Buffon H. N. xii. t. 39. Three pairs of horns. South Africa. Frontal bone and horns. South Africa. Two skulls and horns. South Africa. Head and horns. Presented by the Trustees of the Hunterian Collection. Single horn of young. South Africa. * Skull, female. S. Africa. Skull, with horns, male. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Col- lection. 134 MAMMALIA. Var. 1. Smaller. — Mus. Ind. Comp. Lond. and Frankfort. Antilope Tendall, Riippell, Abyssinia, 22 ; Fischer, Syn. 475. Antilope chora, Riippell, Abyssinia, 22 ; Fischer, Syn. 475. Hab. Abyssinia. Var. 2. Lighter and smaller. Koodoo var., Oswell, Journ. Geog. Soc. xx. 150. Hab. Banks of River Zonga, Oswell. 2. Oreas. Horns large, straight or slightly curved, bent back from the forehead, with a strong, raised, rounded spiral keel. Throat with a longitudinal crested dewlap. Crumen . Females with smaller, thinner, less keeled horns. Skull, t. 17. f. 3, 4. Oreas (Oreades), Desm. Mam. 471 ; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 181. Boselaphus, sp., Blainv. Bull. S. Phil. 1816; Desm. Mam. Damalis (Boselaphus), H. Smith, Grijith A. K. v. 182. Boselaphus, Gray, Ann. 4- Mag. N. H. 1846, 230. Damalis, Sundevall, Pecora, 74. Bubahdes, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 153, 1814. 1. Oreas Canna. The Impoofo or Eland. Pale brown, nearly uniform, with very indistinct, narrow white stripes on the sides. Antilope oreas, Pallas, Spic. Z. xii. 17; Gmelin, S. N. i. 190. A. Bubalides oreas, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 153; Schreb. Saugth. 1153. t. 256. A. Oreas oreas, Desm. Mam. 471 ; Burchell, Trav. i. 248. A. Boselaphus oreas, Blainv. B. S. P. 1816, 75; Fischer, Syn. 477. 644. Boselaphus Oreas, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 155; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 59 ; Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1846. Boselaphus Canna, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 155, female. Antilope Or\^\, Pallas, Misc. Z. 9 ; Spic. Z. i. 15 ; Forster, MSS. 55 ; Erxleb. Mam. Damahs Boselaphus Canna, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 198. t. 181. f. 5, horn ? ; v. 882. Antilope Canna, Fischer, Syn. 644. Afrikanisches Elend thier, Kolbe, Vorgeb. Hoffn. i. 145. t. 3. f. 1. Coudou, Buffon, H. N. xii. 357. t. 46 b, horn, Canna, Buffon, Suppl. vi. t. 12 S adult; Cuv. R. A. i. 263. Eland, Sparrm. Kongl. V. Handl. 1779, 155. t. 5; Harris, W. A. A. t. 6 and head; Vosmaer, Besch. 1785, t. Cape Elk, var., Daniel, African Scenery, t. MAMMALIA. 135 Indian Antelope, Penn. Syn. 26 ; Quad. i. 78 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 319. t. 183; Barrow, Travels; Licht. Reise, i. 155, ii. 39.462; Burchell, Travels. Elandt, Dutch at Cape G. H. Canna t'Gann or Y'gann, Hottentots. Impophos or Poffo, Coffers. Erapophos, Zimmerm. Geog. Zool. ii, 109 ; Lobo, Abyss, i. 293. Bastard Eland, Dutch at Cape G. H. Hab. S. Africa. Skin and horns, in bad state. S. Africa. Presented by Wil- liam Burchell, Esq., LL.D. Female. S. Africa. Male and female. South Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. Skull, t. 17. f. 3, 4. Coudou, Daub, in Buffon H. N. xii. t. 46. f. Three pairs of horns, separate. South Africa. Frontal bone and horns. South x\frica. Skeleton. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Horns on base of skull. S. Africa. Horns and skin of nape. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by William Burchell, Esq., LL.D. Separate horn of an adult. {Antilope Canna of Col. H. Smith, and figured by Griffith, A. K. t. 181. f. 5.) Icon. Horns. — Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 166. A. Orix. — Forster, Icon. ined. B. M. i. t. 30. Mr. Livingston observ^es, " It is a well-ascertained fact, that the Eland, Gemsbock, Duiker, Steinbock, &c., can live for months together mthout water. The Eland becomes enormously fat during the driest season, viz. the winter, when all the herbage is withered and so dry that it crumbles to powder in the hand ; and yet the stomach of all these animals, when opened, contained a good deal of moisture. Our party was well supplied with Eland flesh during our passage through the desert ; and it being supe- rior to beef, and the animal as large as an ox, it seems strange it has not yet been introduced into England." — Journ. Geog. Soc. XX. 139, 1850. They have bred at Knowsley, but are ravenous feeders, and liable to an epidemic. 2. Oreas Derbianus. The Gingi Jonga. Pale reddish browni. Front of the face, the neck, the front part of the under side, a spot on the front and hinder side of the 136 MAMMALIA. upper part of the fore-leg, and the dorsal streak, dark black. The belly, the front and back edge of the upper part of the legs, and under side of tail, whitish. A broad half-collar in front of the shoulder, narrowed above. Fourteen or fifteen narrow, waved, perpendicular streaks on each side of the body white. Withers with intermixed black hairs. Throat of female dark brown ; crown reddish brown. Boselaphus Derbianus, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. Hist. xx. 286 ; Silliman, Amer. Journ. v. 2/9. Oreas Derbianus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 3 and 9 . Hab. Western Africa ; River Cassaman. Horns. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Horns. Gambia. B. Horns subangular, obscurely keeled. Nose bovine. Myffle rather large, bald between and beneath the nostrils, and on a narrow band up the middle of the hairy upper lip. Neck with longer hair, forming a mane. Body high. Legs slender. Hoofs and false hoofs small. 3. Tragelaphus. Horns conical, tapering, with only one spiral turn, subangular, very obscurely angular in front at the base, with a keel above arising from the hinder part of the base. Tear-bag distinct. Neck and throat with longer hair. Nape and back with a more or less distinct mane. Legs slender. Hoofs and false hoofs small. Females hornless. Skull, t. 18, f. 1, 2. Antilope (Tragelaphus), sp., A. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 181. Tragelaphus, Gray, Ann. 4* Mag. N. H. 1846, 230. Calliope, Ogilby, Proc. Z. Soc. 1836; Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 1845, not of Swainson. a. Horns large, elongate. Face with an arched band between the eyes. Back cross-banded. Euryceros. Strepsiceros, sp., Ogilby. Euryceros, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1. Tragelaphus Eurycerus. The Broad-horned Ante- lope. Head pale brown. Broad band before the eyes, and two large spots on cheeks, chin, and front of upper lip, white. Horns MAMMALIA. 137 elongate, thick, scarcely bent forward at the tip. Throat with long black haii-s. Antilope, sp., Afzelius, Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 269. t. 8. f. 3 ; H. Smith, G.A.K. v. 361. Antilope Euiycerus, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 120; Waterhouse, Cat. Mam. Zool. Soc. 391. Tragelaphus (Euryceros) Eurycerus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. , head. A. Tragelaphus Eurycerus, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 181. Hab. W. Africa. Osteology. Horns. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. The horns are very similar to those of T. Angasii, but the head is considerably larger, nearly as large as that of the Kudu, and the horns are thicker and larger; they are 27 inches long in a straight line from base to tip, and 9 inches in cu'cumference at the base. The hair of the head is also paler and more uniformly coloured, and with very large white spots on the cheek, much lai'ger than those of the Kudu or of T. Angasii. The throat has a distinct mane of blackish rigid hairs. The muffle is very like that of T. Angasii, and larger than that of the Kudu. The skull is imperfect; it has no appearance of any suborbital pit or slit. Var. 1. Skull about two-thirds the size of the former. Antilope from Bight of Biafra, Allen, Proa. Zool. Soc. 1848, 88; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. Hab. Bight of Biafra. A skull, with horns. Bight of Biafra. Presented by Capt. Allen, R.N. (The specimen noticed in P. Z. S. 1848, 88.) 2. Tragelaphus Angasii. The Inyala. Black. Back with a vertebral streak and fom* or five bands on each side. Head blackish. Narrow band before eyes and small spot on cheeks, front of upper lip and chin, white. Forehead and feet bay. Throat with a mane of long, rigid, blackish hair. Horns rather slender, elongate, rather bent forward at the tip. Female bay, with many white bands. Muffle band small, only extending half-way up between the nostrils and about one-third the length beneath them, and entirely separated from the edge of the upper lip by a broad, hair\^ band (with a shght central groove). The honas are 8 inches in diameter at base, rather slender, elongate, black with white tips, rounded in fi'ont, with a very obscure indication of a keel, and with a keel arising from the back edge of the horns, on the inner side of the upper part, rather bent forwards in front. 138 MAMMALIA. Tragelaphus Angasii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 89. t. 4, 5. Hab. S. Africa ; Port Natal ; Angas, Proudfoof. A skin of male and female without feet. S. Africa; Port Natal. Mr. Proudfoot's Collection. The slendemess of the horns and smaller size of the head, and the dark colour and small size of the bands and spots on the head, chiefly distinguish the head of this species from T. Euryceros. b. Horns moderate, rather short. Face without any cross band. Tragelaphus. t Back with cross bands and lateral streaks. 3. Tragelaphus scripta. Pale bay. Back with four cross bands and a central white streak. Haunches white spotted. Cheek with two white spots. Spot on chest, nose, feet, and spots on the legs, blackish. Dor- sal streak and end of tail black. Adult : chest, outside of shoulder, and haunches and legs, black. The adult males (four years old) have a high ridge of long, coarse, white hair extending the whole length of the back to the tail. — Diet. Sci. Nat. t. ; Knowsley Menag. t. Antilope scripta, Pallas, Misc. 8; Spic. i. 15, xii. 18. A. vera scripta, Licht. B. M. yi. 169; Gmelin, S. N. i. 191; Schreb. Saugth. 1212. t. 258. A. (tragelaphus) scripta, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam. 470; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 859; Fischer, Syn. 473. 640. Tragelaphus scriptus. Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 160; Cat. Osteol. B. M.; Knowsley Menag. t. c? ?; Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. X. 267, 1843. Antilope maculata, Thunb. Mem. A. Petersb. iii. 313. Antilope (Tragelaphus) phalerata, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 860; Fischer, Syn. 640. CaUiope scripta, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845. Guib, Negro at Senegal; Buffon, H. N. xii. 305, 307. t. 40, jun., 41. f. 1, horn; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. ; Diet. Sci. Nat. t. (? adult. Harness Antelope, Penn. Syn. 27; Quad. i. 81; Shaw, Zool. ii. 322. t. 186. Bontebock, Dutch in Africa. Oualofes or Zalofes, Negro in Gambia. Hab. West Africa; Senegal and Gambia. Female. W. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. mammalia. 13.9 Osteology. Guib, Daub, in Biiffon Hist. Nat. xii. t. 41. f. 1. Skull of female with the intermaxillaries reaching to the nasal. Suborbital pit none. Nasals, slit up each side in front. Varies, some having seven, and others nine white cross bands, and some are spotted and others not. They breed together at Knowsley, and produce specimens different in these respects from their parents. 4. Tragelaphus Decula. The Decula. Grey brown. Back with three or four indistinct cross bands. Arched streak on upper part of side, a few spots forming an arch on the haunches, dorsal line, streak on nose and on front of fore legs, blackish. Antilope Decula, RiippeU, Fauna Abyss, t. 4. Calliope Decula, RiippeU, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845. Tragelaphus Decula, Gray, Cat. M. B. M. 160; Knows. Menag. Hob. Airica; Abyssinia. Male. Abyssinia. From the Frankfort Museum. Var. Back without the cross bands. Hab. Africa; Abyssinia; RiippeU. ft Back without any cross bands or lateral streaks. 5. Tragelaphus sylvatica. The Bosch Boc. Blackish browTi. Head pale brown. Band across forehead black. Small spot on haunches, larger spot on insides of legs and on feet white. Dorsal Une longly crested, black, white va- ried. Female paler brown. Young pale bay. Antilope sylvatica, Sparrm. Act. Holm. 1780, iii. 197. t. 7; Gme- lin, S. N. i. 192. A. (Gazella) sylvatica, Licht. Berl. Mag. \i. 173; ScJireb. Saugth. 1209. t. 257; Tkunb. Mem. Petersb. iii. 315; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 858. A. Tragelaphus sylvatica, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam. 469; Fischer, Syn. 472. 640; Harris, W. A.Afr, t.26. Tragelaphus sylvaticus. Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 160; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 59 ; Knowsley Menag. Calliope sylvatica, RiippeU, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845. Bosbok, Allam, Buff. H. N. v. 35. t. 15 ; Sujjp. vi. t. 25 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 348. Forest Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 86. Bosch bock, Dutch at Cape. Hab. South Africa. V 140 MAMMALIA. Skin (bad state). S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D. Female and males, S. Africa. Young. From M. Verreaux's Collection. Half-grown female. S. Africa. Var. 1. Smaller. Horns shorter, less diverging and more ascending. Serolomootlooque (Antilopus Roualeynei), Roualeyn Gordon Cumming, Hunter's Life S. A. ii. 168, 178, 179. Hab. Limpopo. Head Mus. Cumming. Osteology. Base of skull, with horns. Pair of horns, separate. Horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. The two pairs of horns, named by Colonel H, Smith Bosela- phus canna (a, b, in the List of Mamm. Brit. Mus. 155) ; one, presented by Dr. W. Burchell, is certainly the horns of this spe- cies, and the other appear to be those of a young male, Strepsi- ceros Kudu. n. In the Asiatic Strepsiceres the homs are short, conical, an- gular, subspiral, with an obscure oblique ridge. Tear-bag deep, longitudinal. The hind leg much shorter than the fore ; shoulder higher than rump. The nose bovine, with a large moist muffle. Skull with " the nasal opening rather small, with the nasal bones small and narrow ; a minute suborbital fissure ; no fossa, but a smooth line upon the lacrymal bone ; the masseteric ridge not extending high; the auditory bulla moderate, bulbous, com- pressed ; the basioccipital bone with the posterior tubercles mo- derately developed, the anterior ones scarcely at all^ the molars vrith supplemental lobes. The smooth line upon the lacrymal bone terminates in a small foramen, but one side is continued for some distance forwards upon the maxillary bone, where it ter- minates in the same w^ay." — Turner. Asiatic Strepsiceres, Gray, Knowsley Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 146. 4. PORTAX. The Character of Section. Damahs (Portax), H. Smith, Griffith A.K.V.IS2; Fischer, Syn. 625 ; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. Portax, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 230. Antilope Boselaphus, sp., Blainville, Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816. MAMMALIA. 141 Antilope Bubalides, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 164. Tragelaphus, Ogilhy, P. Z. Soc. 1836. Fig. 2. Skull of Portax Tragocamelus. 1. Portax Tragocamelus. The Nilghau. Grey. Rhombic spot on the forehead and above the hoofs black, and white ringed; tail end black. Female hravm&r. Young dull reddish fawn. Lower part of legs brighter. Under lip, spot on jaw, and hne along the belly, on outside of leg, and fore part of hock, white. Tip of tail, line on back, of nose, and on front of legs, black. Antilope Tragocamelus, Pallas, Misc. Zool. 5 ; Spic. Zool. i. &, xii. 13; Gmelin, S. N. i. 184. Antilope picta, Pallas, Spic. xii. 14 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 184 Schreb. Saugth. 1159. t. 262, 263 a, 263 b ; Desm. Mam. 471 Wolf. Abbild. ii. 57. t. 16; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. Fischer, Syn. 476. 645; Bennett, P. Z. S. 1831, 37. A. Boselaphus picta, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75. Antilope albipes, Erxl. Mam. 280 ; Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. ii. 1 13 A. Bubalides Tragocamelus, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 164. Portax Tragocamelus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 28. t. 29. 142 MAMMALIA. Damalis picta (Nylgau), J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. Antilope leucopus, Forst. MSS.; Zimmerm. Zool. 541. Portax Tragelaphus, Sundevall, Pecora. Damalis (Portax) Risia, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 884. Portax picta, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 154; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 59. Tragelaphus Hippelaphus, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1836, 138. The Nyl ghau, Hunter, Phil. Trans. Ixi. 170. t. 5 ^, cop. Naturf. vii. 236. t. 2. Neelghau, Antilope Hippelaphus, Ogilby in Royle's Himal. i. 73. Hippelaphus, Aristotle, Hist. Anim. ii. c. 5. Nilghau, Shaw, Zool. ii. 327. t. 189. Neel ghae, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 338. Nilghaut, Bufon, H. N. Supp. vi. 101. t. 10 - Hab. Himalaya; Little Thibet; Mountain districts of Afghan- istan, called Borz by the Afghans. Probably not distinct from Ibex Sibirica. MAMMALIA. 151 " The Tehr or Wild Goats of the Himalaya (of Simla and Mus- curi) have the anterior edge of the horns decidedly nodose, though less so than the Jharal." — Hodgson, J. A. S. B. iv. 491, 1835. " Horns of the Ibex are attached to the Zearuts and places of sacred note in Afghanistan." — Bengal Journ. 1841, 978. " The Ibex is so abundant in Thibet, as to be killed for their potham or fine wool, which is used to make shawls. They sur- round them when the mountains are covered with snow. The horns are slit down longitudinally, and formed into bows for archery." — Lord A. Hay. In the Collection from Thibet in the India House Museum there are the skins and skulls of what appear to be two species of Capra, but the skulls and skins are not attached together, and the horns of both are very similar. One has short hair and a black beard, and the skull has an elongated face. The other has a black, abundant beard, and very elongated soft fur, like Capra Sibirica, and the skull which appears to belong to it has a short face, very broad at the orbits. 4. Capra? l^vicornis. The Smooth-horned Ibex. Grey brown. Feet, head, large beard, dorsal and posterior venti'al line, black. Nose pale. Anal disk small, white. Lateral streak none. Horns very long, curved, smooth ; base rounded, three-sided. Capra l8e\dconiis, Sundevall, Pecora, 95. Hab. ? Menagerie of the French Museum. Two males. The horns are intermediate between C. Ibex and C. hircus; they are probably hybrids. The smoothness of the horns of the specimens in the Paris Museum (1851) appears to arise from the animal having rubbed them against the wall and bars of his pad- dock. ** Ears very shortly pilose. 5. Capra Nubiana. The Beden or Jaela. Fulvous grey (in winter brown). Dorsal line and sides of tail blackish, beneath white. Feet black and white spotted. Ears three-streaked. 3Iale bearded, beard black. Horns very long, subtriangular above, knotted, rechnate on the base. Female beardless. Horns slender, smooth, rather compressed, apex shghtly inclined. Capra Ibex (Baeden), Forsk. Faun. Arab. iv. Capra Nubiana (Boue de la Haute Egypte), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. 1825 ; Gray, Spic. Zool. t. $ ; Cat. Mamm. B. M. 168; Fischer, Syn. 483, 648. 152 MAMMALIA. Ibex Nubiana, Gray, List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 60. Capra arabica, Mus. Vindob. Capra Jaela, H. Smith in G. A. K. v. n. 869 (not figure at iv. •Ml). ^ Capra Sinaitica (Sinaica), Ehrenb. Sym. Phys. 1. 18 j Gene, Mem. Turino, xxxvii. t. ? . "Capra Beden, Forsk.," Wagner; Sundevall, Pecora, 95. Cretan Wild Goat, Belon, fig. Hab. Egypt; Arabia; Crete. Young female.— Gro3/, Spic. Zool. t. 6. f. 1. N. Africa. Pre- sented by James Burton, jun., Esq. Adult male, young male, and younger male. N. Africa. Osteology. Five pairs of horns. Egj^^t. Presented by James Burton, jun., Esq. Pair of horns, separate. North Africa. Pair of horns, half- grown. Skull and horns. Mount Sinai. Skull. N. Africa. Presented by Major Macdonald. Var. 1. Legs less black. Hab. Senegal. Mus. Paris. 6. Capra Valie. The Walie. Brown, beneath whitish. Feet white. Legs and feet with a black mark in front. Beard moderate. Horns thick, nodose, subrhomboidal at the base. Forehead with a protuberance in front. Capra Walie, RiippeU, Fauna Abyss, t. 6. Capra Valie, Sundevall, Pecora, 95. Hab. Abyssinia. Male, Mus. Frankfort. Female unknown. Osteology. RiippeU, Abyss. Fauna, t. , skull. 5. IIlRCUS. Horns compressed, with a narrow, thin, nodose or torn keel in front ; outer side convex, rounded behind. Ears covered with short, adpressed hairs. Hair of forehead like back, rather whorled. Hircus, Wagner, Supp. Hircus, sp., Brisson; Rafin. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. Capra S., Sundevall, Pecora, 96. -^goceros, sp., Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 224. Tragus, Klein, Quad. 15 ; Schrank, Fauna Boic. u 45s MAMMALIA. 153 ** Goats are distinguished by the horns being inchned very ob- liquely, not angular, compressed, and presenting a sharp keeled edge to the front, whereby they may be distinguished at once from all kinds of Sheep and Ibexes. They have usually a true beard, common to both sexes, not present in the Sheep. They have callosities on the knees, and sometimes also on the chest." — Hodgson. 1. HiRcus ^GAGRUS. The Goat. Capra Hircus, Linn. Faun. Suec. 15; S. N. i. 94; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 168 ; List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 60 ; List Hodgson Coll. B. M. 28 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 96; Fischer, Syn. 484. 648. Capra caucasica, H. Smith in G. A. K.; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 168. -Egoceros Capra, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. ; Wagner, Supp. Capra ^gagrus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 193; Meyer, Zool. Ann. i. 396; Schreb. Saugth. t. 282; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. R. A. i. 267; Desm. Mam. 483 ; Fischer, Syn. 484. 646 ; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. ; Sundevall, Pecora, 97. iEgagrus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. 45. t. 5. f. 2, 3. Ziege, )S. G. Gmelin, Reise, iii. 493, Capra Hircus vulgaris, Schreb. t. 283. C. iEgagrus ^. Hircus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 193; Desm. Mamm. 483. C. Capricornus, Meyer, Zool. Ann. 39. Tragus Ji^gagrus, Schrank, Fauna Boic. i. 45. Capra, Plinii H. N. vi. 50 ; Gesner, Quad. 270. fig. ; Hodgson, J. Asiat. Beng. xvi. 1847, 1017. Hircus, Gesner, Quad. 301. fig. Hircus vel Capra domestica, Brisson, R. A. 62. Tragus doraesticus, Klein, Quad. 15. Pasen, K'dmpf. Amoen. Exot. 398. fig. at p. 407. n. 2. Capra bezoartica, Linn. S. N. i. 96, part, from Kdmpfer. Gazella bezoartica, Brisson, R. A. 69, part, from Kdmpfer. Goat, Penn. Brit. Zool. 13. Domestic Goat, Penn. Syn. 14. Common Goat, Shaw, Zool. ii. 369. t. 199. Capricorne Goat, Penn. Syn. 16; Shaw, Zool. ii. 377- Bouc et Chevre, Buffon, H. N. v. 59. t. 8, 9. Capricorne, Buffon, H. N. xii. 146. t. 15, skeleton. Hab. Domesticated. Stufted, ears pendent. Stuffed. (Africa.) Presented by Miss Inglis. Adult, stuffed. From the Zoological Society's Collection. Half-grown male. From the Zoological Society's Collection. Cashmere Goat. India. From Capt. Boys's Collection. g5 154 MAMMALIA. Hybrid Goat, male and female, between Common Goat and European Ibex ; bred in the Zoological Society's Gardens. Young. From Riddle Museum. Osteology. Chevre, Daub. Buffon H. N. v. t. 13. Caprieome, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 15. Capra hircus, Schinz, Nov. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat. ii. 1. 1, skull. Bouc de Juda, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 22. Skull. England. Skull, with horns. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Horns. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Horns, elongate, erect. Horns, expanded on the side. Three skulls, var. Sinai, with the horns regularly bent back. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull, with horns, var. Changra or Shawl Goat. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull and horns of adult. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull, with horns, var. Chappoo, Capra Chungra. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. A young skull of same. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. A pair of separate horn-sheaths. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Two skulls and horns. (The specimens described {Capra Cau- casica) by Col. H. Smith.) Single horns, in bad state, wdth only three very distant knots on front keel. Specimen described as Capra Caucasica by Col. H. Smith. Capra Caucasica, H. Smith, Griffith A.K.w.; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 167; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 60, not Guldenst. Domestic Varieties. 1. The Maykay or Maycay, Buchanan, Mysore, i. 120. t. 5. f. 10, Hab. India; Mysore; kept with sheep. 2. The Sircenagur Goat, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,974. t. 110, 112, 113. Hab. India. 3. Jamnapari, C. Mg. Arietinus, Desm. Mam. Bouc de Nepaul, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. (? ? . Goat of the countrv west of the River Jumna, Hardw. Icon. ined. B.M. 10,974. t. in. Jamnapari, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Beng, xvi. 1847, 1024, note. Hab. India, bred in Nepal. MAMMALIA. lo5 4. The Bukee, or Goat of the Dukhun, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831. Hab. Dukhun. 5. Eg\T3tian Goat, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 307. Capra iEg. Thebaica, Desm. Mam. 848. C. Mg. Thebaicus, Fischer, Syn. 493. C. Indiea, Gesner, Jonst. Quad. t. 26. Bouc de la Haute Egypte, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. Adimain, Xieremb. H. N. 183. fig. C. JEg. ^gj'ptiacus, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 649. Hab. N. Africa. 6. The Doogoo, Hodgson, J. A. S.B.X.913; Icon.ined.t.l7l. S ? . Capra hu-cus var. Doogoo, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 2/. Capra Diigii, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. xvi. 1024. Hab. Central Hill, Nepal ; common, domesticated. 7. The Sinai, Hodgson. C. hircus var. Sinai, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 28; Hodgson, Icon. ined. 1/2; J. A. S. B. i. 347, xvi. 1022. t., XX. 913. Hab. Nepal ; Central Mountain region ; domesticated, with hair and shorn. Three skulls, with the horns regularly bent back. A skin, with skull and horns. Drawing of varieties. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 172. "A tall, largish species, with ordinary horns, long, flowing, straight hair, drooping, longish ears, and semi-erect short tail." — Hodgs. I. c. i. 347. 8. The Cossia Goat. White. Feet pale brown. Horns short, recurved. Capra ^g. Cossia, Buchanan, Hamilton, MS S. ii. 9, and horn,t. C. /Eg. Cossus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 21. C. Aries Cossus, Fischer, Syn. 493. C. tubericornis, part., Schinz, Verz. 467. Hab. High Mountain districts; called Cossea in the East of Sylhet. They are bred by the middUng and lower classes of the inha- bitants of the highest Cossia mountains. Neither the skin nor hair is applied to any use. The hair is coarse and straight, long and pendulous, and has no wool mixed with it, by which it is easily distinguished from the Shawl Goat. Ears spread, covered, like the legs, with short hair. Tail small and short. " The female long-haired Goat is said sometimes to produce at a birth one kid like itself, and another short-haired, like the Common Goat of Bengal." — Buchanan, Hamilton, MSS. 156 MAMMALIA. 9. Greater Shawl Goat or Changra. Capra iEgagrus Changra, Buchanan, MSS. Icon. ined. 1. 1 1 ; Hodgson, Icon. ined. t. 173. f. 1, t. 174. f. 1; Journ. Asiat.. Beng. x\d. 1017. Changra, Ogilhy in Boyle's Himal. i. 75. Changra or Shawl Goat, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 347, x. 913, xi. 283. Hab. Nepal and Thibet. A skull with horns. An adult skull with horns. Drawing of male. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 173. f. 1, and t. 174. f. 2. Drawing of horns. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 175. f. 1, 2. Chungra, Paruttes; Cholay, Newars; Camgoo, Thibetians; Shawl Goat, English. " Domesticated in Thibet ; wool exported to Cashmere, where it is manufactured into cloth and felts. Many castrated speci- mens are brought to Nepal for food. Manners exactly like com- mon Goat, and thrive best in a very cold climate." " Hair of body, neck, and upper part of head remarkably long, especially that arising from the spine, pendulous, straight and rather harsh, and intermixed with remarkably fine and soft short wool, which alone is used by the manufacturer ; hair on legs and face rather short, and not mixed with wool. Ears very short. Nose straight. Horns longer than the head, much compressed, inner edge sharpest, approach at the base and diverge at the summit with a twist round ; they are nearly straight, and stand on the plane of the forehead. Tail short." " The drawing from a castrated male (made by Mr. Burton)." — Buchanan, Hamilton MSS. 10. Lesser Shawl Goat, Capra iEgagrus Chapu, Buchanan, Icon. ined. t. ; Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Beng. xvi. 1020. t. Capra Hircus Chappoo, Gray, Cat. Hodgson B. M. 28. Chappoo, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. B. x. 913. Bouc de Cachemire, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. Cashmir Goat, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f, 664, 665. White, black varied. Horns suberect, subspiral. Hab. Cashmere; Buch. Tibet; Hodgson. Stuffed. India. From Capt. Boys's Collection. A skull with horns. A young skull. A pair of separate horn-sheaths. Drawing of male. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.t. 173. f. 2, and t. 174. f. 1. Drawing of horns. —Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 175. f. 3, 4. MAMMALIA. 157 11. Khassia Hill Goat, Robinson, Assam, 99. Hair long, rather coarse, white. Hab. Assam. 12. Berbura Goat. Capra imberbis Berbura, Hamilton, MSS. ii. 10, and Icon. t. C. >^g. imberbis Barbara, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 61. C. Aries Barbarus, Fischer, Syn. 493. C. Jemlaica var., H. Smith, G. A. K. Hab. India; West of the Jumna; called Berbura ecies, so that Thibet may be considered as the special habitat of one species (0. Am,' monides), and the plateaux north of Thibet as far as the Altai of another (0. Ammon), cited as types of the true ovine form; and it may be added, that the six sorts of tame Sheep of Thibet and the sub-Himalayas, all without exception exhibit the essen- tial characters of that form. There are several species that may be confounded under this head ; the Siberian Argali is found in the most northern part of that country, and it is probably different from the Himalayan animal ; but I have not been able to discover any difference be- tween the specimen received from Mr. Hodgson and those which were sent from Siberia by the Russian naturalist. Pallas regards this and the next as one species, and observes : — " Nobilissimum et statura et agiUtate animal ab Altaico et Me- dio Asios alpestri jugo ; per omnem orientalem montium tractum usque in Peninsulam Camtschatcam imo verosimillime in Conti- nente Americse locis maxime desertis vagatur, par\as gregibus hominis frequentiam fugiens, frigoris patiens, montibus apricis gaudens et asperrima loca frequentans. In occidentem vix pro- cessit, ubi praecedenti speciei {Caprovis orient alis), australiores situs amanti, locum concessit." — Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 232. 5. Caprovis (Argali) Canadensis. The Taye or Big Horn. Grey-brown. Hair thin (in summer). Rump with a very large white disk, with a narrow vertical hne to the base of the tail, it and the very short tail grey-browTi Uke the back. Horns of male very large, subtrigonal at the base, ringed, nearly equilaterally triangular, bulging a little between the angles ; the inner front angle obtusely prominent, the hinder double, forming a second plane at a slight angle with the superior one, and the inferior angle much rounded off. MAMMALIA. 177 Ovis montana, Geoff. Ann. Mus, ii. 351. t. 60; Schreb. Saugtb. t. 294 B., cop. Desm. E. M. t. . f . ; Desm. Mamm. 486; Richardson, Fauna Amer. Bor. ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 169. Ovis Ammon, Harlan, Fauna Amer. 259. Ovis Pygarga, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. Ovis cervina, Desm. N. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxi. 553. Big-homed Sheep, Ordin Blainv. Journ. Phys. 1817, 146. Ovis Canadensis, Shaw, Nat. Misc. xv. t. 610, cop. E. M. t. 14. f. 4; Schreb. Saugth. t. 214; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. t. 23; Lesson, Compl. Buffon, x. 311. The Argali, Godman, Nat. Hist. ii. 329. t. 1 ; Cook, Voy. Rocky Mountain Sheep, Richardson. White Buffalo, Mackenzie. Big Horn, Lewis t^- Clerk, Travels. Var. 2. 0\ds Cahforniana, Douglas, Zool. Journ. iv. 332 ; Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 65; Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. vii. 199. t. 5. f. 5, horns ; Feruss. Bull. Sci. Nat. xviii. 447 ; Lesson, Compl. Buffon, X. 213. Berindo, Forbes, California. Wild Sheep, Venegos, California. Missiliones, M. A. Pigafette in Ramusium, i. 354 b, iii. 361 b. Hab. N. America ; California. Male. California. Presented by Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. Male and female. California. Presented by the Hudson's Bay Company. Probably the same as the Ammon of Northern Siberia, b. Crumen none. Skull without infraorbital pit. Tail moderate. 3. PSEUDOIS. Horns smooth, subcylindrical, directed towards the sides (nearly at right angles with the axis of the body), and recurved backwards at the tip, with a distinct longitudinal ridge on inner ? side. Forehead convex. Neck not maned. Tear-bag none. Inter- digital pores distinct. Body covered with hair, dark lateral streak distinct. Tail well developed, not tufted at the end. Skull with- out any infraorbital pit or fissure. Females sometimes hornless. Pseudois, sp., Hodgson, Var. Gen. Ruminants, 1846; Journ. Asiat. Soc. n. 173. Ovis jS, Sundevall, Pecora, 90. 1. Pseudois Nahoor. The Nahoor or Nervate or Sna. Ovis Nahura, Hodgs. ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. 1/0. O. Nayaur, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. i. 347. h5 178 MAMMALIA. O. Nahoor, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1834, 107; J. A. S. B. iv. 1835, 492; X. 1840, 231. t. 1. f. 2, t. 2; Blyth, Proc. ZooL Soc. 1840, 66 ; Ann. N. H. vii. t. 5. f. 6, 7, x. 913, xi. 283 ; J. A. S. B. X. 867 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 90. O. Nahur, Hodgs. Calc. J. N. H. iv. 291. O. Thur, norx var., Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1833, 105; 1834, 99? Nepal Ram or Nervate, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 194, horns. Ovis Ammon (part.), Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. i. 274. Ovis Burrhell, part., Blyth, P. Z. S. 1838, 79. Burrlial or Nahoor, Ogilhy in Boyle's Himal. i. 75. The Nahur or Nahoor, Gray, List Hodgson Mamm. Sfc. B. M. Hab. Nepal, Northern hilly region. Female. Nepal. Female, horns directed on one side. Nepal. Horns of male on base. Nepal. Horns of male on base. Nepal. Male, skin in fragments. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. Male. Ladank. Presented by the East India Company. Osteology. Base of skull of male, with horns. Nepal. Skull of a young male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. Various separate bones of body and limbs. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull, female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Horns. Skull. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Horns. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Two single horns. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Var. 1. Smaller, more robust, with shorter ears and very dark horns, without white. Burul, Hutton, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1839, 994 ; 1840, 568 ; Bengal Sporting Mag. 1839, 295. Ovis Bhurrel (Bhurrell Sheep), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1838, 79; Wa- terJiouse, Cat. Zool. Soc. Mus. Supp. 9. n. 406, 1839. Ovis Burrhel, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 67 ; Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. vii. 248. t. 5. f. 7, horns; Sundevall, Pecora, 90. Pseudois Burhal, Hodgson, J. A. S. Bengal, 1846, 308. Hab. Barenda Pass. The Nahoor inhabit the Himalayas; they are distinguished from the Sheep by the want of the eye-pits ; the rounded, uncom- MAMMALIA. 179 pressed, smooth horns, directed upwards and backwards with great divergency, and with their round points again bent inwards; by their short, deer-Uke tail, which is rather longer than that of the Wild Sheep and not disked. They rut in winter, gestate 5^ months, and breed in the summer. Then' habits resemble those of the Nyens or Wild Sheep, but the two never commingle nor approach each other, nor will the male, however long and completely they are tamed, have sexual commerce with domestic Sheep. Ribs 13 pair. — Hodgson. The Nahoor is much less easily acclimatized in foreign parts than the Jharal, in confinement more resigned and apathetic. I have tried in vain to make the Nahoor breed with tame Sheep, because he will not copulate with them. — Hodgson, J. A. S. B. iv. 493. 4. Ammotragus. Forehead concave. C rumen none. Horns subcylindrical, turning outward backward, with the tips inward towards each other. Chin not bearded. Neck maned beneath. Tail rather elongate, tufted at the end. Skull with no suborbital pit nor fissure. Pseudois, sp., Hodgson. Ammotragus, Blyth ; Gray, Knowsley Menag. Ovis § y, Sundevall, Pecora, 90. 1. Ammotragus Tragelaphus. Ovis Tragelaphus, Desm. Mamm. 480. 1 ; Blyth, Ann. N. H. vii. 258. 261 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 169 ; List Osteol. B. M. 61. Ovis ornata, Geoff. Egypt, t. ; L Geoff. Diet. Class. H. N. xi. 264; Lesson, Comp. Buffon, x. 312. Capra Jaela, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.t. 192, not text. Ammotragus Tragelaphus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 40. Mouflon d'Afrique, Cuv. R. A.i. 268 ; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. Mouflon a manchettes, Explor. Sci. Alger. Mam. t. 7- Bearded Sheep, Penn. Quad. i. 46. Siberian Goat, Penn. Syn. Quad. i. 18 (the skin described as from Inilia, not synon.). Tragelaphus sen Hu'cocervus, Caii Opusc. 59. Aoudad, Jackson, Morocco; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 671. Fichtall or Lerwea, Shaw, Trav. 243. Antilope Lervia, Pallas, Spic. xii. 12; Gmelin, S. N. i. 182; Fischer, Syn. 480. Hab. N. Africa. Bad state. North Africa. Male, adult. North Africa. 180 mammalia. Osteology. Horns. North Africa. Horns. North Africa. Horns. North Africa. Horns. Pennant, in his Synopsis, i. 18, confounded this animal with the Musimon ; and Pallas {Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 230) on his au- thority gave India as the habitat of the latter, but the subgenus was not known to inhabit the Himalaya at that period. Tribe 2. Giraffina. Horns covered with a hairy skin, with a tuft of hair at the tip- Camelopardina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Cat.Mamm.B.M.-Kxvi. Camelopardahs, Cuv. Tab. Elem. 1798. Giraffidai, Gray, L. M. Rep. xv. 307, 1821 ; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. V. ; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 63, 1828. Devexa, Illiger, Prod. 104, 1811. Plenicornia b, Latr. Fam. Not. 1821 . Camelopardalidae, Selys Longchamps, 1842. Elaphiens, part., Pomet, I. c. 184. Ruminalia stereoceria, part., Rafin. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. Ruminantia B. Pygnocerate, part., Bronn, Index Palceont. ii. 709. Cameli ^, Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 4-31, 1830. Cervid* (part.), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 134. Cer\deornia §, Sundevall, Pecora, 52. Unguligrada, part., Sundevall, Pecora, 52. Ossicornia, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845. Camelopardalina, Sundevall, Pecora, 52. Camelopardinese, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 168, 1842. Les Girafes, F. Cuvier, D. Sci. Nat. lix. 513. 1. Giraffa. Lip not grooved, entirely covered with hair, much produced before the nostril. Tongue very extensile. Neck very long. Body short. Hinder legs short. False hoof none. Tail elongate, with a tuft of thick hair at the end. Africa. Living in families on the leaves of trees and shrubs. Giraffa, Brisson, R. A. i. 37, 1763; Storr, 1780; Scopoli; Ra- finesque, Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. Cervus, sp., Liim. S. N. ed. 12. 92; Erxleb. S. A. 294, 1777- Camelopardahs, Ray, Syn. 90; Aldrov.; Cuvier, Tab. Elem. 1798; Schreb. Saugth.; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 168; Besm. 1804; Illiger, 1811; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 134; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 63; F. Cuvier, D. S. N. hx. 513; Fischer, Syn. 456. MAMMALIA. 181 Camelopardalus, Charlet. Giraffe, Penn. Hist. Quad. i. 58. 1. GiRAFFA Camelopardalis. The Giraffe or Camel- leopard, Cervus Camelopardalis, Linn. S. N. i. 92; Erxleb. Syst. 294. C. Capensis, Geoff. ; Ogilhy, P. Z. S. 1836, 134; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 168. Camelopardalis Gii*affa a, Sundevall, Pecora, 52. Giraffa Camelopardalis, Brisson, R. A. 61 ; Zimm. Geog. Gesch. ii. 125. Camelopardalis Girafa, Gmelin, S. N. i. 181 ; Schreb. Saugth. 1140. t. 255-255*; Desm. N. Diet. xiii. 165. t. e. 6; Mamm. 449; F. Cuv. Diet. Sei. Nat. xviii. 555; Lesson, N. Tab. R.A. 168; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 170; List Osteol. B. M. &2', Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. t. 40 ; Thunb. Mem. Petersb. iii. 311; /. Geoff. Diet. Class. H. N. vii. 354; Cretzschm. in Rilppell, Zool. Atlas, 23. t. 8, 9 ; Fischer, Syn. 455. 623 ; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 807. Var. 1. Paler. Camelopardalis Girafa /3. ^Ethiopica, Sundevall, Peeora, 52; Act. Stoekh. 1842, 244. Camelopardalis Sennaarensis, Geoff. Camelopardalis ^thiopicus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 134. Camelopardalis, Plin. H. N. viii. ; Gesner, Quad. 160, fig. ; Alpin. ^g. i. 236. t. 14. f. 4. Camelo-pai'dalus, Jonst. Quad. t. 39 ; Cateret, Phil. Trans. Ix. 27. t. 1. Camelus Indicus, Jonst. Quad. t. 40. Gyraffe, Belon. Obs. 118. fig. 119.. Tragus Girafik, Klein, Quad. 22. Camelopard, Penn. Syn. 10; Quad, i, 65. f. 11. Kamel paard, Vosmaer. Besch. t. , 1787. Giraffe, Thevet. Cosmogr. i, 388. fig. 389; Buffon, H. N. xiii. 1; Supp. iii. 320. t, 64, 65; vii. 345. t. 81; Levaill. Trav. t ; Shaw, Zool. ii, 303, 1. 181, 182; Lichtenst. Reise, ii. 451,463; Clot Bey, Aead. Sei. Petersb. vi, 6 (anat.). Giraffe or Cameleopard, Harris, W. A. S. A. t. 11, and head; Thibaut, Proc. Z. S. 1836, Hab. Africa ; Cape of Good Hope ; .Ethiopia ; Sennaar. West Africa; Senegal and Bornou. Male (16 feet high) and female. S. Africa, Presented by W. Burchell, Esq,, LL.D. Male (in bad state). S. Africa. Presented by the College of Surgeons. Col. Paterson's specimen. 182 MAMMALIA. Young male. Central Africa. Presented by Capt. Clapperton, R.N., and Col. Denham. Male (18 feet high). S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby, Male. N. Africa. From the Zoological Society's Collection. Osteology. Alton, Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xii. 332. t. 36 ; Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. t. 40 ; Riippell, Zool. Atlas, t. 9 ; Geoff. Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. 210; Salze, Mem. Mus. xiv. 68; Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. t. 40. Skull of male. South Africa. Presented by Dr. Burchell. Skull of male. Presented by Dr. Burchell. *Skeleton. N. Africa. From the Zoological Society's Col- lection. Icon. Cervus camelopardalis, Linn. — G. Forster, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 15, from a painting of Baron de Flettenberg, improved from a dry head; t. 16, a head. " Mr. Wahlenberg has seen the dark and hght coloured varie- ties mixed together in the same herd in tropical parts of Africa. The males are generally dark and the females pale, but this is not always the case. He has sent to Stockholm the skin of a female from CafFreland, which is as pale as the specimens from Sennaar." — Sundevall in a Letter, 1850. Subfamily II. Horns deciduous, covered when young with a deciduous hairy skin, or entirely wanting. Tribe 3. Cervina. Cutting-teeth none in upp^r jaws. Horns deciduous, often wanting in the females. Tarsus hairy on the hinder side. False hoofs distinct. Cervus, Linn.; Cuv. T. E. 1798. Cervidae, Gray, Lond. Med. Rep. xv. 30/ ; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850. Cervina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii. Plenicornia a, Latr. Fam. Nat. 63, 1825. Cervidae, H. Smith, Griff. A.K.\.\S2; Selys Longchamps, 1842. Cervina, Selys Longchamps, 1842 ; Wiegm. ; Cabais in R. Schom- burgk, Reisen in British Guiana, iii. 784. Elaphiens, Pomet. I. c. 184. Les Chevrotains et Les Cerfs, F. Cuv. 1829. Ruminantia B. Pygnocerate, part., Bronn, Index PalcBon. ii. 709. Capreoli, Illiger, Prod. 104, 1811; Riippell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845. MAMMALIA. 183 Les Cerfs (Cei-vus), F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 513, 1829, Cervidae seu Ceratoenta, /. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828. Les Cerfs, Lesson, Mamm. i. 259. Blainville proposed to divide the species thus : — A. Horns sessile, a. Horns divided. 1. Elans, 2, Rennes. 3. Bairns. 4. Cerfs. 5. Axis. 6. Chevreuils, b. Horns simple. 7- Da- guets. B. Horns pedicelled, 8. Cervules. In the same note he divides the species according to their geographic distribution. —Desm. Mamm. 449, 1822, M. Bravard divides the Fossil Deer of Puy du Dome into two subgenera, thus : — 1 . Catoglochis, with the lower anterior snag on the crovvTi, 2. Anoglochis, with it above the crown. — Fide Lesson, Hist. Nat. Mamm. 1836, p. 259. Lesson, in the Manuel de Mammalogie, 1827, p. 355, thus arranges the species of the genus Cervus : — A. 1. Elans. B, 1. Rennes, 2. Daims. 3. Cerfs propr, dit. 4. Axis * ta- chetees, ** sans taches. 5. Chevreuils * ancient continent, ** nouveau continent. 6. Daguets. 7- Cervules. Colonel Hamilton Smith has adopted the section proposed by De Blainville ; he regarded them as sections or subgenera, and gave them the following Latin names : — 1. Alces. 2. Rangifer. 3. Dama. 4. Elaphus. 5. Rusa. 6. Axis, 7. Capreolus, 8. Mazama. 9. Subulo. 10. Stylocerus. — Griffith, A. K. v. 1827; translated Fischer, Syn. Mam. ii. 612,1830; and Lessor, Compl. Buffon Mamm. x. 259, 1836. Professor Sundevall proposed the following genera and sub- genera: — 1. Alces. 2. Rangifer. 3, Cervus. A. a. Cervus. ^. Hippelaphi. y. Hyelaphus. 5. Dama. B. a. Mazama, jS, Blastoceri. y. Furciferes. d. Subulones. 4. Capreolus. 5. Prox. (6. Moschus, 7- Tragulus,) Mr, Gray, in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society (1836, 67), proposed to arrange the species of Deer into three sections, according to the position of certain tufts of hair on the hind-legs, thus : — 1, A tuft of hair below the middle of the outside of the metatarsus, 2. Above the middle of the outside of the meta- tarsus ; and 3, With a tuft of hair on the inside of the hock. Dr. Sundevall in his Pecora has adopted these divisions. These tufts have the advantage of being found in all ages and in both sexes, so that they can be consulted when the horns are deficient. M. Pucheran {Diet. Univer. Hist. Nat. iii, 314, 1843) divides the Deer as follows: — A. With flat horns. 1. C. Dama (and var. mauricus). B. With round horns, a. With more than two andouilleres. 1. C. Virginiahus. 2. C. Duvaucellii. 3. C. Wal- Uchii. 4. C. Elaphus. 5. C. Wapiti. 6. C. macrotis. 7- C. macrurus. 8. C. occidentalis. 9. C. Elaphoides. b. With only two andouilleres. 10, C. Hippelaphus. 11. C. Aristotehs. 12. 184 MAMMALIA. C. equinus. 13. C. marianus. 14. C. Peronii. 15. C. uni- color. 16. C. Axis. 17- C. porcinus. 18. C. nudipalpebra. 19. C. Leschenaultii. 20. C. Capreolus. 21. C. Mexicanus. 22. C. paludosus. 23. C. campestris. c. Cerfs daguets. 24. C. Nemorivagus. 25. C. rufus. This essay is a mere compila- tion without any examination. M. Pucheran, in his " Monographie des espeees du Genre Cerf " {Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. 1849, ii. 77^), divides the tribe Cerviens into four genera: — 1. Aloes. 2. Tarandus. 3. Cervulus; and 4. Cervus. Since the publication of Cuvier's Essay on Deer (Ossemens Fossiles, iv.), where he exhibited the development of the horns of several species, and in which he described several species fi'om the study of the horns alone, many zoologists have almost entirely depended on the horns for the character of the species ; and Mr. Hamilton Smith has been induced to separate some species on the study of a single horn. But the facilities which menageries have afforded of studying these animals, and watching the va- riations which the horns of the species present, have shown that several most distinct but allied species, as the Stag of Canada and India, have horns so similar, that it is impossible to distin- guish them by their horns. On the other hand, it has shown that animals of the same herd, or even family, and sometimes even the same specimen, under different cii'cumstances, in suc- ceeding years have produced horns so unlike one another in size and form, that they might have been considered, if their histoiy was not known, as horns of very different species. These obser- vations, and the examination of the different cargoes of foreign horn which are imported for the uses of the cutler, each cargo of which is generally collected in a single locality, and therefore would most probably belong to a single species peculiar to the district, have proved to me that the horns afford a much better character to separate the species into groups than to distinguish the allied species from one another. Colonel Hamilton Smith, in his Monograph of the Genus, se- parated them into genera according to the form of the horns. In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1836 I drew attention to the glands on the hind-legs, as affording very good character to arrange the genera proposed by Colonel Smith into natural groups, which in most particulars agreed with the geo- graphical distribution of the species. Dr. Sundevall, in his Essay on Pecora, has availed himself of the characters suggested in my paper, and has also pointed out some other external characters, such as the form and extent of the muffle, which afford good characters for the distinction of these animals, characters which, I firmly believe, are much more MAMMALIA. 185 important for the distinction of the genera and species than those derived from the form of the skull or the modifications of the teeth, or the form and size of the horns, as they are not, like those parts, so liable to alteration from age, local circumstances, and other changes during the growth of the animal ; and the characters derived from these parts can be seen in the females as well as the males, which is not the case with the horns, as they can only be observed in the male sex. These examinations have shown that the form and extent of the muffle, the position and presence of glands on the hind- legs, the general form of the horns, and the kind of hair which forms the fur, taken together, afford the best characters for the arrangement of the species into natural genera, and these genera into groups. And I believe that the progress of zoology, and the natural arrangement and affinities of animals, are best pro- moted by the general study of all the parts of the animal taken together, rather than confining one's attention to any set of charac- ters, and believing them as much more important than the others. The Deer may be thus divided : — A. The Deer of the Snowy Regions have a very broad muzzle en- tirely covered wdth hair. The horns are expanded and pal- mate ; and the fawns are not spotted. a. The Alcine Deer have no basal anterior snag to the horns, and a small bald muffle between the nostrils, as the genus Aids. b. The Rangerine Deer have a large, basal anterior snag to the horns, close on the crown or bur, and no muffle, as Tarandus. B. The Deer of the Temperate or Warm Regions have a tapering muzzle ending in a bald muffle. The fawns, and sometimes the adults, are spotted. c. The Elaphine Deer have a distinct, anterior basal snag to the horns, the muffle broad and separated from the lip by a hairy band, and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind leg above the middle of the metatarsus, as Cervus and Dama. d. The Rusine Deer have a distinct, anterior basal snag to the horns, the muffle verj' high and not separate from the edge of the hps, and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind leg above the middle of the metatarsus, as Recervus, Pa- nolia, Rusa, Axis, Hyelaphus, Cervulus. e. The Capreoline Deer have no basal anterior snag to the horns, the first branch being some distance above the bur, the cru- men (and pit in the skull) generally small, as Capreolus, Cariacus, Blastocerus, Furcifery Coassus, and Pudu. 186 MAMMALIA. The Alcine and Rangerine Deer are confined to the northern part of both continents ; the Elaphine and Rusine Deer to the Eastern World (the latter almost exclusive to the warmer part of Asia). All the Capreoline Deer are peculiar to America. The only exceptions to these rules are, the Wapity Deer of the Ela- phine group is found in Northern America, and the Roebuck and Ahu of the Capreoline group are found in Europe and North Asia. I. The Deer of the Snowy Regions. Muzzle very broad, entirely covered with hair. Fawns not spotted. Horns expanded and palmated. Tail short. Skull : nose-cavity very large. In- termaxillaries not reaching to the nasals. Deer of the Snowy Region, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1850; Gleanings Knowsl. Menag. Cervus § 1, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 74, note. 1. Alcine Deer {Alcecs). Horns without any basal snag near the crown. Muzzle with a small bald muffie between the nos- trils. Alcine Deer, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1850 ; Knowsl. Menag. Anoglochis, sp., Bravard. Alcedae, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828. 1. Alces. Alee, H. Smith. Muzzle very broad, produced, and covered with hair, but there is a small, moist, naked spot in front of the nostrils. Neck short and thick. Hair thick and brittle. Throat rather maned in both sexes. Hind-legs have the tuft of hair rather above the middle of the metatarsus. Males have palmated horns, subcy- lindrical at the base, expanded and palmated above, without any basal snag. The nose-cavity in the skull is very large, reaching behind to a line over the front of the grinders. The intermax- illaries are very long, but do not reach to the nasal. The nasals are very short. — See Cuv. Oss. Foss. iv. t. 9. f. 49. They live in w oods in the northern parts of both continents. Cervus § 1. Alces, H. Smith in Griffith A.K.v. ,1827. Alces, Gray, L. Med. Repos. 1821 ; List Mamm. B. M. ; Lesson, Mamm. i. 259; iV. Tab. R. A. 269, 1842; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135; Sundevall, Pecora, 54. Elans, Blainv. in Desm. Mamm. ii. 448, 1822. Cervus, sp., Fischer, Syn. 441. MAMMALIA. 187 1. Alces Malchis. The Elk or Moose. Dark brown. Legs yellower. Aloes antiqiiorum, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845. Cervus Alces, Linn. S. N. i. 92; Gmelin, S. N. i. 175; Brisson, jR. A. 93; Pallas, Zool. R. A. i. 201; Zimm. Geog. Gesch. ii. 127; Schreb. Saugth. 968. t. 246 a, h, c, d; Desm. N. Diet. H. N.v. 519; Mamm. 430; F. Cuvier, Bid. Sci. Nat.\u. 461 ; Davelli, K. Sv. Vet. Handl. 1819, 207; Desmoul. D. Class. H. N. iii. 374; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 441. 613; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 232. Cervus Alces Alces, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 771- Alces (Cervus) Alces, Sundevall, Pecora, 54. Alces Malchis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135. Alces palmatus. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 182; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 70. Alces Europeus, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61. Moose Deer, Dudley, Phil. Trans, n. 368. 165 ; Dale, Phil. Trans. n. 444. 384. Moose or Elk, Cateshy, Carol. App. 27. Elk, Laws. Carol. 123 ; Penn. Syn. 40. t. 7 ; Quad. i. 105. 1. 17; Shaw, Mus. Lever, i. 33. t. 8; Gen. Zool. ii. 261. 1. 174, 175; Knight, Mus. A. N. f. 585, 586, 605. Elan, Bufon, H. N. xii. 79. t. 7 ; Supp. vii. 318. t. 80 ; Perrault, Anim. i. 179. t. 25; Cuvier, R. A. i. 254; Oss. Foss. iv. 64. Orignal, Lu. Houtan, Voy. 72; Charlev. Nouv. France, iii. 126; Dierville, Acad. 122; Allam, Buff. H. N. xv. 50. t. 2; Buff on, Supp. iii. 133; Fischer, Syn. 441. 613. American Black Elk(C. Alces ^.),Ham. Smith, Griffith A.K.v. 771. Elch, Wangenheim, Neu. Schrift. Berl. Naturf. Fr. i. 1. t. 1. Loss, Russians in Siberia. Flat-horned Elk, Jeffers. Notes Virginia, 49. Cervus palmatus Alee, Klein, Quad. 577- t. 28 ith rather large nose- cavity, at least half as long as the distance to the first grinder ; the intermaxillary moderate, nearly reaching to the nasal; a small, very shallow suborbital pit ; a very large, oblong, deep fissure. They Uve in the arctic regions in both hemispheres, migrating in flocks, and eating lichens. Cervus § 2. Rangifer, H. Smith in G. A. K. iv. , 1827; in Fischer, Syn. ii. 612. Rangifer, Lesson, Mamm. i.260; N. Tab. R. A. 169, 1842; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 181 ; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 69 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 64, 113, 131. Tarandus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 134. Rennes, Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 448, 1822. 1. Tarandus rangifer. The Caribou Rein Deer. Dark brown in summer ; grey in winter. Young, brown yel- low varied. Cervus Tarandus, Linn. S. N. i. 93 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 1/7 ; Amcen. Acad. iv. 144. t. 1; Erxl. Syst. 305; Retz. Fn. Suec. i. 42; Fab. Faun. Grcenl. 16; Schreb. Saugth. 1828, t. 248 a, b, c, d, e ; Desm. N. Diet. H. N. ii. 521 ; Mamm. 431 ; Ency. Meth. t. 58. f. 3, 4 ; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sc. Nat. vii. 463. fig. ; Mam. Lithog. t. ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 375 ; Fischer, Syn. 443. 631 ; Pallas, Zool. Ross. A. i. 106 ; Eversmann, Btdl. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosq. 1840, 59 ; Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. ; Bennett, Gard. Z. S, 241. fig.; Richardson, F. Bor. Amer. 238. C. Tarandus sylvestris (Woodland Caribou), Rich. F. B. A. 250. Tarandus rangifer, Bonap. Index Mamm. Europ. 35, 1845. Cervus rangifer, Raii Syn. 88 ; Klein, Quad. 23. t. 1 ; Brisson, R. A. 92. Capraea Groenlandica, Raii Syn. 90. Cen'us Groenlandicus, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 88. Cervus platyrhynchos, Vrolich, Rendier, t. 2, 1828. Cervus coronatus, Geoff. MSS. in Schreb. Saugth. 1 135 ; Desm. Mamm. 439; Fischer, Syn. 613; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 772; iv. 95. t. .f. 4. Rangifer Tarandus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 181 ; Cat. Osteol, B. M. 69 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 54. Cervus mirabihs, Jonston, Quad. t. 36. 190 MAMMALIA. Cervus palmatus, Jonston, Quad. t. 37. Cervus cornibus rectis, &c.. Caribou, Brisson, R. ^.91. Tarandus, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. c. 34 ; Aldrov. Bisulc. 859. fig. 861 ; Scheff. Lapp. 321. fig. p. 327. Rangifer, Gesner, Quad. 950. fig. ; Hulden. Util. Rangifer Jena, 1694. Renthier, Strals. Magaz. i. 394. t. 1; Wildung, Taschenb. f. 1805. Renhirsch, Mellin, Schrift. Berlin Naturf. jFV. i. 1. 1. 2; iv. 128. t. 5. Rendier, Camp. Natursk. Verhand. 193. t. 1. Tarandus borealis, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845. Tarandus Rangifer, T. Spitzbergensis, T. Norvegicus, T. Groen- landicus, T. Sibiricus, T. nodosus, et T. Canadensis, /. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828. Rein Deer, Penn. Syn. 46. 36. t. 8. f. 1 ; Quad. i. 99. 1. 10. f. 2; Knight, M. A. N. i. 587-590; Shaw, Zool. ii. 269. t. 176; Brooke, Edinh. Neio Phil. Journ. 1827, 30. Caribou, Sagard. Theodat. Canad. 751 ; Buffon, H. N. xv. 50. t. 3, Renne, Buffon, H. N. xii. 79. 1. 10, 11, 12; Supp. iii. 1. 18*. Renn Thier, Eversmann, Bull, de Moscou, 1840, 58. Rhenne, Cuvier, R. A. i. 254; Oss. Foss. iv. 61. t. 4. f. 1-18, t. 5. f. 47. Ren, Hollstein, K. Svensk. Vet. Handl. xxxv. 124. Caribou or Carreboeuf, French Canadians. Oleen, Russians in Siberia. Greenland Buck, Edvjards, Birds, i. t. 51, young. Hirsch, Martin, Spitzb. 72. t. O. f. 2, young, Var. Smaller. Horns more slender, less palmated. Hair short, smooth, close, brown, with throat and belly white ; in summer hair very close, thick, waved, brittle and erect, and white in winter. Cervus Tarandus Americanus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.\. 77^"? ', Fischer, Syn. 615 ? Cervus Tai-andus a. Arctica, Barren Ground Caribou, Richard- son, Fauna Bor. Amer. 241. fig. 240, horns. Common Deer, Hearne, Journ. 195. 208. 1. Woodland Caribou, Richardson. Caribou des Bois, H. Smith, G. A. K. Tarandus nemoralis, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845. 2. Great Caribou of the Rocky Mountains, H. Smith. 3. Labrador or Polar Caribou, H. Smith. 4. Siberian Rein Deer (ridden by the Tungusians). MAMMALIA. 191 5. Newfoundland Caribou. Hob. Arctic Circle, America and Europe. Male, horns half grown. North Europe. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Foetus, in spirit. Greenland. From Dr. MoUer's Collection. Adult, white (no skull nor horns). Presented by the Earl of Derby. Adult male, dark brown. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hudson's Bay Company. Male, nearly white. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hud- son's Bay Company. Female, dark brown. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hud- son's Bay Company. Female, nearly white. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hud- son's Bay Company. Two, very young. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hud- son's Bay Company. Female, dark brown. Sweden. Presented by Sir T. Wilson. Young. Bred at Charlton. Presented by Sir T. Wilson. Young. Bred at the Zoological Gardens. Osteology. Renne, Dauh. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 10, 11, 12; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 61. t. 4. f. 1-18, t. 5. f. 47, skull j. C. Tarandus, Schreb. Saugth. t. 248 a, c, d. C. rangifera, Klein, Quad. t. 1. fig. Skeleton. Norway. Presented by Sir T. M. Wilson, Bart. a. Skull, large ; horns small, slender branches smaU subulate, middle branch largest. b. Skull and horns large, long, slender {Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 20) ; no basal branch to right horn. c. Skull and horns; horns large, long, slender, apex broad, branched behind, no basal branch to right horn. d. Horns, middle-sized, the lower branch of left elongate, forked; of right horn very broad, palmated. North America. Presented by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. e. Horns, small ; the lower and middle branch of right horn confluent, palmated. North America. Presented by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. /. Horns, large (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 17); basal branch of left horn large, palmated ; of right smaller, lobed. g. Horns, large {Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 9); basal branch of left horn very large, palmated ; of right simple, subulate. Siberia? h. Horns, long, elongated, slender, erect ; lower branches elon- gate, lobed, top broad, lobed. 192 MAMMALIA. i. Horn, middle-sized {Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 8) ; lower branch of left horn simple ; of right broad, palmated. North America. Presented by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. j. Horns, large, long, slender, upper back branches recurved. North America. Presented by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. k. Horns, large, long, slender {Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 13). Presented by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. I. Horns, very small, basal branch subulate, upper and medial branch bifid. m. Horns, large, with the basal branch of each horn dilated, palmated {Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 17). From Mr. Brookes's Mu- seum. n. Horns of the year {Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 1). Knowsley. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Horns of the year. Horns, very large, with the head stuffed. Newfoundland. Five pairs of horns. N.W. Coast of America. Presented by Lieut. Wood and Capt. Kellett, R.N. Varies exceedingly in size. In the British Museum there are specimens varying from 41 to 50 inches high at the withers. Dr. Richardson obsei-ves, " There are two well-marked and permanent varieties of Caribou that inhabit the fur countries : one of them {Woodland Caribou) confined to the woody and more southern district ; and the other {Barren Ground Caribou) retii-ing to the woods only in the winter, but passing the summer on the coast of the Arctic Seas, or on the Barren Grounds so often mentioned in this work." — Faun. Bor. Amer. 299. The large Siberian variety is ridden on by the Tungusians; they also use them for draught, as the Laplanders do the smaller variety. They have a large variety in Newfoundland nearly as large as an heifer. They have very large and heavy horns. There are some horns of this variety in the British Museum. Dr. Midden- dorf informed me that the horns of the large Siberian variety were as large and greatly resembled the horns from Newfound- land (Nova Scotia) in the Museum Collection. Pallas observes, " Americse forte continua^ gregatim vemo tem- pore per glacies admigrant, paulo diversi a Siberise inquilinis et verosimillime Americani." — Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 208. In winter the hair of the Rein Deer is long, thick, grey-brown ; neck, rump, belly, ring round the hoof, and end of nose, white. In summer the same animal has short, dark sooty-brown hair, with the parts which are white in winter being rather paler grey- brown. MAMMALIA. 193 H. The Deer of the Temperate or Warm Regions. Muzzle ta- pering, ending in a bald, moist muffle. Fawn {and sometimes the adult) spotted. Skull with a moderate nose-hole. Inter- maxillaries reaching to the nasal. Tail well developed. Cru- men and suborbital pit in skull distinct. The spots of the young generally disappear in the adult, or are only to be seen when the animals are in high condition. The fur is shorter and brighter in summer, and greyer in winter. Deer of Temperate and Warm Regions, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1850; Knowsley Menag. Cervus, Sundevall, Pecora, 54. 3. The Elaphine Deer. Horns with a distinct anterior basal snag close on the crown. Mvffie broad, shallow, separated from the upper lip by a hairy band, with only a narrow in- terruption in front. External metatarsal gland above the middle of the bone. Skull with a large, deep suborbital pit. Elaphine Deer, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1850; Knows. Menag. Catogloehis (part.), Bravard, Foss. du Dome. Cervus § 1. (C. Veteris orbis), Sundevall, Pecora, 54. Elaphidffi, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828. 1. Cervus. Horns round, erect, with an anterior basal snag, a medial an- terior snag, with the apex di^^ded into one or more branches, according to the age of the animal. Crumen well-developed. Hoofs narrow, triangular, compressed, covered with brittle, opake hair. The rump is generally ornamented with a pale mark. Skull with a large, deep suborbital pit. Horns with one or two branches on the middle of the front of the beam. Cervus (§ 4. Elaphus), H. Smith, Griffith A. K.\. . 1827; in Fischer, Syn. 612; Lesson, Mamm. i. 262; iV. Tab. R.A. 169. Cervus (Elaphus), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135. Cervus § 1. a. (C. nobilis), Sundevall, Pecora, 55. Cerfs, Blainv. Desm. Mamm. ii. 448, 1822. Elaphus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 61. a. Hoofs rather broad, semicircular. Tail very short. Hair in winter soft. America. Strongyloceros. 1. Cervus Canadensis. The Wapiti. Red brown. Rump with a ver\^ large, pale disk extending far above the base of the tail, and with a black streak on each side 194 MAMMALIA. of it. Male with hair of throat elongated, black, with reddish tips. Stag, Dale, Phil Trans, n. 444. 384. Cerf de Canada, Perr. Anim. ii. 55. t. 45? (no rump disk); Cu- vier, R. A. i. 256; Oss. Foss. iv. 26. t. 3. f. 13-22. Cervus Canadensis, Brisson, R. A. 88; Schreb, Saugth. 990. t. 246 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. MA77; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 65 ; Desm. Nouv. D. H. N. v. 546 ; Mam. 433 ; Ency. Meth. t. 58. f. 2 ; F. Cuv. Diet. Sc. Nat. vii. ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 377 ; Fischer, Syn. 442. Elaphus Canadensis, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62. Cervus Elaphus var. Canadensis, Erxl. Syst. 305 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 176. Cervus Strongyloceros, Schreb. t. 247 ; Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. 251 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 55. C. Major, Ord in Desm. Mam. 432. Cervus Wapiti, Leach,Journ. Phys. Ixxxv. 66 ; Mitchell, Mam. N. York; Barton, Journ. ii. Supp. 36; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 377; Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. x. 750. t. . f. 1-6, horns. American Elk, Bewick, Quad. North-western Stag, C. occidentalis, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 101. t. . f. 2, horn; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 614, not Syn. Wapiti, Warden, Etats Unis, v, 638 ; Wied, Voy. Amer. Sept. iii. 302; Knight, Mus. A. N. f. 607, 611, 580. Stag of Carolina, Lamson, Carol. 123. Stag of America, Catesby, Carol. App. 28. Alces Amer. corn, teretibus, Jeffers. Notes Virginia, 57, 1788. Var. 7 Smaller. Red Deer (or Canadian Stag), Warden, Etats Unis, v. 637- Elk, Lewis ^ Clerk. Stag, Penn. Act. Zool. i. 27- Wewaskiss, Hearne, Journ. 360. Hab. North America. Young. N. America. Bom at the Surrey Zoological Gardens. Male, adult. N. America. Born at Windsor Park. Presented by Edward Cross, Esq. Osteology. Cerf du Canada, Daub. Buffon H. N. vi. t. 26 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 3. f. 13, 17720, 22. Cerf, Perrault, Anim. ii. 65. f. 45. C. strongyloceros, Schreb. Saugth. t. 247 g. Horns, large. St. Diego. California. Presented by C. Pent- land, Esq. MAMMALIA. 195 Horns, long, two lower branches near together. North Ame- rica. Horns, small, two lower branches rather near. North America. Horns, large, beams mthout the upper frontal branches, the tip of right horn subpalmate (perhaps a different species). The American Elk still exists on the upper branches of the Susquehanna River, and thence westward may occasionally be found in aU favourable situations to the Pacific Ocean. Those observed on the mountains south of the Columbia River were of unusual size. — Peale. Var. Smaller. Hab. Plains of California and the upper parts of the Missouri River, in large herds. The Elks in Cahfomia are very abundant ; they are not gene- rally so large as those inhabiting the mountain districts, but we can find no specific character to separate one from the other. — Peale. b. Hoofs narrow, triangular. Tail moderate. Covered with harsh hair. Western World. Cervus. 2. Cervus Elaphus. The Stag. Brown. Rump with a pale spot extending rather above the upper surface of the base of the tail. Cervus Elaphus, Linn. S. N. i. 93; Gmelin, S. N. i. 176 j Erxl. Syst. 301 ; Schreb. Saugth. 996. t. 247 a, b, c, d, e ; Desm. Mam. 434; Ency. Meth. t. 57. f. 3, 4; F. Cuvier, Mam. Li- thog. t. ; Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. x. 750. t. . f. 10, 11 (12?); Sundevall, Fecora, 55; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 177; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 65; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. Cervus vulgaris, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. i. 11. Elaphus communis, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 61, 1828. Cervus nobihs, Klein, Quad. 23. Cervus, Plinii Hist. Nat. viii. c. 32; Gesner, Quad. 354. fig.; Agricola, des Hirchen, Sfc. 1603; Aldrov. Bisulc. 769. fig. 774 ; GrabcB Elaphographice, 1667 ; Hill, Animal. 577^ t. 28 ; Bris- son, R. A. 86. "EXacjios, Aristof. Hist. Anim. ii. c. 7. n. 37 ; jElian, Anim. vi. c. 11, 15; Oppian, Cyneg. ii. 176. Stag or Red Deer, Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 34 ; Syn. 49 ; Q^iad. i. 114; Shaw, Zool. ii. 276. t. 117. Biche, Buffon, H. N. vi. t. 10. Faon du Cerf, Buffon, H. N. vi. t. 12. Cerf, Buffon, H. N. vi. 65. t. 9. i2 196 MAMMALIA. Cerf commun, Cuvier, R. A. i. 255; Oss. Foss. iv. 24. t. 3. f. 1- 12 ; F. Cm. Mam. Lith. t. Hii-sch, Riding, Jagdb. Th. t. 4, 5 ; Meyer, Thiere, i. t. 22 ; Wil- dunger, Taschenb. 1794, i. t. I. f. 2, 3; Schrank, Faun. Boic. i. 41. Rothhirsch, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. 453. Cervus Elephas Hippelaphus, Erxl. Syst. 304 ; Fischer, Syn. 447 (Old male. Neck rather maned). C. Elaphus /3, Gmelin, S. N. i. 176. Cervus Germanicus, Brisson, R. A. 87. Tragelaphus, Gesner, Quad. 296 c. fig. Hippelaphus, Jonston, Quad. t. 35. Brandhirsch, Gesner, Thier. 119. fig. Pferdhu'sch, Gesner, Thier. 210. fig. Cerf d'Ai'denne, French Authors. Hab. Europe. Male (not good state). Knowsley. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Adult female. France. Fawn. France. Osteology. Cerf, Bufon, H. N. vi. t. 13, 14, 18-25; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 2. f. 11-20, t. 3. f. 1-12. Horns, with two frontal antlers. England. Horns ; left divided into four long cylindrical branches ; right with two frontal antlers, tip subpalmate; perhaps of C. Cana- densis ? Horns, deformed. Germany. Horns, deformed. Germany. Horns, with a third horn on the right side. Germany. Single horns, apex much branched. Germany. Single horn, adult. Germany. Single horn, adult. Germany. Single horn, deformed, with only three branches. Germany. Single horn, simple, compressed, notched at the tip. Ger- many. Single deformed stunted horn. Germany. Skull and horns. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Skeleton. From the Zoological Society's Collection. Two pairs of horns. From Mr. Leadbeater's Collection. Horns. From a bog. Presented by Jabez Alhes, Esq. Horns. From Mr. Argent's Collection. Var.l Hungarian Stag, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1841, 750. t. . f. 11, horns. MAMMALIA. 197 Var. ? Horns very large, larger than those of the Wapiti. Hah. Assyrian Mountains ; Lord Arthur Hay. Var. ? Half-fed specimens. Cerf de Corse, Buffon, H. N. vi. 95. 1. 11; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 53. CervTis Elaphus Corsicanus, ErxL, from Buffon. Elaphus Corsicanus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 61. Cervus Mediterraneus, " Blainv."; Pucheran, Comptes Rendus, 1849, 779. Cervus Corsicus, Bonaparte-, Gervais. Hah. Corsica. Buffon observes, of the Cerf de Corse, which has been regarded as a variety to be distinguished by the smallness of its size, that he " beheves the size to depend on the scarcity of nourishment ; for when moved to better pastures, in foiu* years they become higher, larger, and stouter than the Common Stag." — Buffon, Hist. Nat. vi. 95. Var. Algeria. Caudal disc to base of the tail pale brown. Horns large. Cerf commime d'Algerie, Geoffroy in Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 1851. Hah. Algeria. Living in Garden of Plants, Paris. 3. Cervus Barbarus. The Barbary Deer. Dark brown, obscurely white spotted, with a very indistinct, greyish brown, broad dorsal line; with a pale yellow spot ex- tended considerably above the base of the tail. Back of haunches white, with a dark stripe on each side. Cervus Barbarus, Bennett, Catal. Gardens Zool. Soc. Bush Goat (Al Wassai), Moors, see Griffith A. K.v. 775; Fra- zer, Zool. Typica, t. ; Gray, Knowsley Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. Hah. Coast of Barbary ; Tunis. Osteology. Horns (of animal in Zool. Soc. Gardens). Tunis. Chiefly distinguished from the common Stag, or the Algerian variety of it, by its smaller size, stouter form, and more perma- nently spotted fur. 4. Cervus Wallichii. The Bara Singa or Morl. Brown, with a very large white spot on the rump, extending on back of the haunches, and far above the base of the tail. The horns with two basal and one or two apical branches. 198 MAMMALIA. Cervus Pygargus, Hard. Linn. Trans., not Pallas. Barah Singha, Waller, Asiat. Res. xvii. 499. Cervus Wallichii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 50 ; F. Cuv. Mam. Li- thog., from Hardw. Icon, in B. M. ; Sundevall, Pecora, 55 ; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 103. 1. 166, v. 788 (from Indian draw- ing) ; Ogilby in Royle's Himal. i. 73. Jaareal Stag, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, 750. t . f. 7, young horn, f. 8, 9, horns adult. Pseudocervus Wallichii, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x. 914, xi. 284; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 180. Cervus Wallichii, or the Gyana, Hodgson, Icon. Mamm. ined. 198. Cervus, n. s.. Falconer, Journ. Asiat. Sqc. iv. 710; Ogilby in Boyle's Himal. 73. ?Cervus Casperianus, or Hangool, Falconer, MSS. ; Gray, Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 147. ? Cervus Cashmerensis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 65. Kashmir Stag?, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 72; J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1841, 750. t. . f. 8, 9. Persian Deer, Maral, or Gevezu, or Gookoohee, MacNeil, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 11 ; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, 750. t. . f. 10. Hab. Cachiv, Hodgson ; Persia, MacNeil. The skull of Dr. Falconer's Cashmeer Stag is 15 inches long ; the suborbital pit is oblong, triangular, and rather deep; the skull and horns are very like Mr. Hodgson's specimen of Cervus affinis, but considerably smaller. Sir John MacNeil informs us, they are called by the Persians Maral, or Gevezu, or Gookoohee, and are frequently noticed in their literature. They are found in all the wooded mountain districts of Persia, but apparently do not occm* in the central parts of the country, and rarely descend into the plains. During the summer they are found in the highest wooded parts of the mountains, and during the winter in the lower ravines near their bases, where they are frequently tracked in the snow. The horns of the adult males closely resemble those of the Red Deer of this countiy, insomuch that I doubt whether an un- scientific observer could distmguish them, except by the superior size of those of the Maral. — P. Z. S. 11. Lesson confounds C. Wallichii andjC. Duvaucellii as the same species.— NoMi?. Tab. R. A. 171, 1842. Flat skin. Nepal, Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke. Hunter's skin. Nepal. Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke. " The Nepal Deer, Cervus , Hardw. MSS."— Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 180. mammalia. 199 Osteology. Cervus Cashmerensis, {Falconer. MSS.) ; Gray, Osteol. Cat. B. M. Q5. Cervus Casperianus, Falconer, MSS.; Gray, Osteol. Cat. B. M. 147. SkuU and horns of male. Cashmere. Presented by H. Fal- • coner, M,D. Skull of female. Cashmere. Presented by H. Falconer, M.D. Icon. Jerrael or Tailless Deer of Nepal, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 128. The Red Deer of India, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 143, copied by Colonel Hamilton Smith, and called by him C. Hardwickii. 5. Cervus affinis. The Saul Forest Stag. Pale brown. ? Horns very large, as large and heavy as those of the Wapiti. Cervus afl&nis (Mool Barasingha or Royal Stag of the Morung), Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, x. 721. t. . f. 1. 914; Calcutta .Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 291; Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 197; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 79; Sundevall, Pecora, 131. Cer\ais (WaUichii?) affinis. Gray, Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 65. Shoa or Tibetan Stag (Cervus affinis), Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 518. t. Cervus Tibetanus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 466. t., horns. Cervus Elaphus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. iv. 1835, 648. t. 53. f. 3; X. 914. Cervus Walhchii, part., Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 32. Cervus Walhchii var., Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, 747- Bara Singha, Hindoos; Hodgson. Barah Singa or var. of Stag, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 346. Hab. Tibet in Dingeham ; Hodgson. Anat. Pair of horns, very large size. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Icon. Drawing of a male. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 197. Pre- sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of male. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. li>8. Pre- sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of horns, — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 11. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. is 200 MAMMALIA. The Indian species of Cervus are confined to the vast primitive forests in the plains. Tail very short ; a large disc or pale space round the tail, and no proper mane. — Hodgson. Mr. Hodgson, in his figure of C. affinis, does not represent the pale space round the tail, but it is evident by this observa- tion that it is present. Probably C. Wallichii, C. Casperianus, C. affinis and C Tibet anus, are only one species. Mr. Hodgson observes, " The horns of C. affinis, which I re- ceived from the Morung or Eastern Taria, most probably were brought from Thibet." — Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 466. The latter observation induces me to place all the above syno- nyma to one species. 6. Cervus Sika. The Sika. Dark brown. Cheeks and throat rather paler. Rump brown, without any pale spot. Tail pale, white beneath. Hair harsh. Horns rather slender, with a basal and medial snag, and a sub- apical internal one. Cervus Sika, Schlegel, Fauna Japan. 1. 17; Sundevall, Pecora,\3\. C. Sitza, Temm. Mus. Ley den. Cervus (Hippelaphi, no. 4), Sundevall, Pecora, 65. Hab. Japan. Mus. Leyden. ' Osteology. Schlegel, Fauna Japon. t. \7, skull and horns. 2. Dama, H. Smith. Horns round below, expanded above, smooth, and branched on the hinder edge. Tail rather elongated. Crumen well-deve- loped. Hoofs narrow, triangular, compressed, covered with thin, rather adpressed hairs, reversed on the nape. The fur is spotted in summer. The skull with a short, broad face, an oblong, rather shallow, infraorbital pit, and short, broad nasals. Dama, Gray, Med. Repos. 1821, 4; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, not Bennett; J. Brooke, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828. Cervus, § Dama, H. Smith, Griffith ^. iiT. v. 182 ; Lesson, Mamm. i. 261; N. Tab. R. A. 169; Sundevall, Pecora, 58. Daims, Blainville, Desm. Mam. ii. 448, 1822. Platycerinidse, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828. Tarandus, sp., Ruppell, Verz. 183. 1. Dama VULGARIS. The Fallovv^ Deer. Fulvous. White spotted, a longitudinal line on the lower part of the side, and a line across the haunches, white. Var. Nearly black to nearly pure white. MAMMALIA. 201 Platyceros, Pliny. Cervus platyceros, Raii Quad. 85. Cervus dama, Linn. S. N. i. 93 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 58 ; Schreb. Saugth. t. 249 a, b. Dama vulgaris, Gesner, Quad. 335. f. 1; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62; Gray, List Mamm. B.M.lSl; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 65; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Bonap. Fauna Ital. t. Dama platyceros, Bonap. Index Mamm. Europ. 35, 1845. Tarandus Dama, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845. Fallow Deer and Buck, Pennant; Knight, Mus. A. N. i. 581, 597, 599. Daim et Daime, Buffon, Hist. Nat. vi. Daim fauve, F. Cuvier, Hist. N. vi. 167. f. 27, 28. Dama maeulata, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 61, 1828. Cervus coronatus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. t. . f. 4, from mon- strous horns. Var. Blackish. Cervus mam'icus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. i. 1816, 72. C. Dama maura, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 448. Daime noire, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. Hob. Persia. Domesticated in Europe. This species is represented in sculpture from Nineveh. See Vav^, Nineveh, fig. at p. 233 ; Bonomi, Nineveh, p. Young. Head and horns, dark variety. CervTis mauricus, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. Adult male in AAinter. Italy. Young female in winter. France. Osteology. Daim, Daub. Buffon H. N. vi. t. 29-31 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 29. t. 5. f. 23-31, 32-35; Mellin, Berlin Naturf. ii. t. 6, 7- Horns. Horns, a distorted variety. Horns, adult. Horns, adult, a distorted variety. Horns, adult. Horns, adult. The Rusine Deer or Samboo. Horns subcylindrical, with a distinct, anterior basal branch close on the burr or crown, without any medial branch, and with a rather elongated pe- duncle. Muffle large, high, not separated from the upper lip 1 5 202 MAMMALIA. by a hairy hand. External metatarsal gland above the mid- dle of the hone. Ears broad, short. Skull with a very deep suborbital pit. Fur hard, rather shining. No pale mark on rump. South-eastern Asia and its islands. Rusine Deer, Gray, Ann. S^; Mag. N. H. 1850 ; Knows. Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. Catoglochis, part., Bravard. Cervus /3. Hippelaphi, Sundevall, Pecora, 55. Prox, Sundevall, Pecora, 57. Rusadae et Axidae, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828. Dr. Sundevall observes, " The young of the typical Rusee are not spotted." — Pecora, 130. But according to the observations and figures of Mr. Hodgson and other Indian zoologists, they are pale spotted, but not so distinctly as several other genera of Deer, Some few specimens retain the spots through life. * The upper part of the horns variously branched. 1. Panolia, Gray. Horns round, curved backwards and outwards, with a large anterior basal snag close on the burr, the upper part bent in, forked, becoming rather expanded, and branched on the inner or hinder edge. The fur formed of rather rigid, flattened hair. Muffle large. Skull with a narrow face, a large, oblong, very deep suborbital pit, and the nasals short, broad, and dilated be- hind. The frbntal snag of the horns often has a tubercle or branch at the base. Panoha, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. xxvii. ; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 1. Panolia Eldii. The Sungnai. Nondescript Deer, P. Eld, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 1842, 415. t. 12. Panolia acuticomis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 180. Panolia platyceros. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 181, adult; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 66. Cervus (Rusa) frontalis, McClelland, Calcutta Journ. N. H. i. ' t. 12. f. 1, ii. 539; Sundevall, Pecora, 132. Cervus Eldii ?, Calcutta Journ. N. Hist. ii. 417, 1842. Panolia Eldii (The Sungnai), Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 34 ; Osteol. B. M. 66; Knowsley Menag. (P. Eedii, misprint). Cervus lyratus, Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii. 395. Cervus Smithii, Gray, Iroc. Zool. Soc. 1837, 45 ? Hab. India. mammalia. 203 Anat. Horns on frontal bone. India. Panolia acuticornis. Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 180. A large pair of horns, cybndrical,.and with two small snags near the tip. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Panolia Eedii, Gray, List Mamm.^M^ M\ 181 ; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 66 (misprint for P. Eldii). A smaller pair of horns, rather compressed, and with one large and two short snags near the tip. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull and horns, with one large and one small snag near the tip. India. Skull and horns, with one large and two small snags near the tip. India. Skull and horns, with one small snag near the tip. India. Horn. India. Panolia platyceros. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 181. Cervus, n. s.. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, 45; Calciit. Journ. N. H. 1842, t. 12. f. . Horns. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. Icon. ?Bara Singha. — Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 130, the original, copied and altered by Colonel Hamilton Smith, t.l31. The C. Smithii of Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1837, 48. It may be only a bad figure of C. Duvaucellii. 2. RucERvus, Hodgson. Horns cylindrical, mth an anterior basal branch, and repeat- edly forked at the tip. Muffle large, high, continued to the edge of the upper Up below\ Tail rather short, thick. Face shortish. Crumen well-developed. Ears broad, rounded, covered with hair. Hoofs narrow, compressed. The fur is formed of rather soft, adpressed hairs, without any pale mark on the rump, and only slightly spotted. Skull with an elongate face, a large nose-open- ing, and an oblong, rather shallow, suborbital pit. Rucervus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 5. Recervus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec. ; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. ; Knowsley Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. Elaphus, sp.. Lesson, Mamm. i. 263. Cervus, § Hippelaphus, sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 55. 1. Rucervus Duvaucellii. The Bahrainga. Yellowish bro\\Ti, mthout any rump spot. Dorsal streak in- distinct, dark, with a row of white spots on each side ; sides not 204 MAMMALIA. spotted. Hair black, with yellow tips. Neck with rather longer hair. Throat, chest and belly with longer, scattered, greyish white hairs. Muzzle and front of legs dark. Chin white. Winter : Brown; tips of hair yellowish. CrowTi yellow. Dorsal line blackish, narrow. Muzzle black ; chin white. Cervus Duvaucelhi, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 29. f. 6-8 ; Griffith, A. K. iv. 116, note; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1836, 240. t. 66- 68 ; Ogilhy in Royle's Himal. 72. Recervus Duvaucellii, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 33 ; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 65. Rucervus Duvaucelli, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. Rucervus Elaphoides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. iv. 1835, 648. t. 53. f. 4 ; x. 914 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 47 ; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 292. Cervus Bahrainga, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1834, 99. Cervus enclodocerus, Hodgson. Cervus Bahraiya, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1836, 46. Axis? Duvaucellii, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 178. Cervus Euryceros, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. Cervus Elaphoides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. S. Beng. 1835, 648. t. 78. The Bahraiya, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 345. Cervus Walhchii, part.. Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 171, 1842. Hab. India; Nepal. An imperfect skin. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Male. India; Nepal. From Gardens of Zoological Society. Osteology. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 505. t. 39. f. 6, 7, 8, horns. Skull and horns of male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. Skull and horns of male. Nepal. Skull of a female. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull and horns of adult. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull and horns of adult. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Separate homs. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Separate homs. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Icon. Barara Singha. — Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t, 132, 134 (see also t. 131). Spotted Deer of the Sunderbands. — Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 133, 135. Cervus Elaphoides. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 199, male and female, and one male copied t. 200. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. MAMMALIA. 205 Drawing of horns. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 210. f. 66. — Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. The Bahraiya inhabits reedy marshes and islands of great rivers ; never enters the mountains or forests. Tail short, with no caudal disk, and no heavy mane. — Hodgson. ** The upper part of the horns simply forked. 3. RusA. Horns placed on a moderately long peduncle, with an anterior frontal snag close on the crown, and simply forked at the tip. Fm- formed of hard, rigid, very thick hair, not, or only obscurely, spotted. Cervus § Rusa, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. ; Lesson, Mamm. i. 264; N. Tab.R.A. 171. Rusa, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 6 ; Gray, Knows. Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. Cer\'us, sp., Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135. Cervus § Hippelaphus * *, SundevaU, Pecora, 55. Axis d'une seule couleur, sp., Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 448. 182. Procervus (Dimorpha), Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 5. * Hair of the neck elongated, forming a kind of mane, at least in the males j size large. 1. Rusa Aristotelis. The Samboo. Tail not floccose, brown, rather darker at the end. Fur black- ish broA^Ti, with the feet, the regions of the vent, and a spot over the eyes fulvous. Male maned. Young obscm*ely white spotted {Hodgson). SkuU : suborbital pit very large, broad, deep, ob- long, subtrigonal. Gona Rusa, Daniel, Ceylon, t. Cervus Aristotelis, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 502. t. 39. f. 10 ; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. ; SundevaU, Pecora, 55. Cervus Hippelaphus, Ogilby in Royle's Himal. i. 73. Cervus Hippelaphus, C. Aristotelis et C. heteroceros, Hodgson, Icon. ined. Rusa Aristotehs, H. Smith ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. ; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 67; Osteol. Spec. B. M. 67. Rusa Hippelaphus, Gray, List Mamm. B.M. 179; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 33. Rusa equinus. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 179. Cervus unicolor, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 780. Cerf de Coromandel, Cuvier, Oss, Foss. iv, 41. t. 5. f. 32, horns. 206 MAMMALIA. Cervus Bengalensis, Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii. 390. Daim noir de Bengal, Duvaucell, Asiat. Res. xv. 15/. Cerf noir de Bengal, F. Cuvier, Menag. Lith. t. Cervus equinus (Samboo Deer), Bennett, Tower Menag. 185. fig. Cerf Mulet ?, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 43. t. 5. f. 38, horn. Elk, Indian Sportsmen ; Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. ?Rusa Nepalensis, Hodgson, J. A. Soc. Bang. x. 914; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 292. Cervus heterocerus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1841, 722. t. C. Hippelaphus, Duvaucell, Asiat. Res. xv. 174. Biche de Malacca, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 41 ; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. Cervus Malaccensis, Fischer, Syn. Cervus Saumer, Ogilby in Royle's Himal. i. 75. Mr. Hodgson notices the following varieties : — Var. 1. Brown; the frontal branch short. Cervus Hippelaphus, or Phursa Jarai, Hodgs. Icon., not Cuv. C. Saumur, Ogilby ; Royle, Illustr. Phursa Jarai, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 1132. 66. t. 5. f. 1-3, 346. Var. 2. The hinder part of the beam produced, longer than the upper prong. Cervus Hippelaphus var., Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 5. f. 34. Var. 3. Rump rufous ; the frontal branch of horn elongate. Cervus Aristotelis (or Rato Jai'ai), Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1834, 98 ; 1836 39 The Rato Jarai, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. i. 66. f. 4, 346. Var. 4. The upper part of the beam simple. Cervus heterocerus, or Kalo Jarai, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. 1841, 727. t. . f. 2, X. 914; Calc. J. N. H. iv. 292; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 68. Kalo Jarai, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. i. 1832, 66. t. 5. f. 5, 346. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. A young male, with simple horns. Deccan. Presented by Colonel Sykes. — Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831. There is only one species of Rusa found in the western forests* which is common also to all the heavy jungles of Southern India. The horns of different individuals present great diversity of forms. I have met with instances of medial antlers, of trifurcated extremities, and in one case with the extremity showing a four- fold division (see t. 4. f. 1). — Elliot, Madras Journ. 1840, 30. Osteology. Cervus Aristotelis, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 509. t. 39. f. 10, horns. Sambur Horns (gigantic), weight 25 lbs., circumference above burr lOi inches, in middle of beam 8 inches. — Zoophilus, India MAMMALIA. 207 Sporting Review, Calcutta, 1849, x. 256. t., from Cuttack coast, or Madi'as. Anat. Single horn. India. Exeter Change Menagerie. Presented by Edward Cross, Esq. Horns on frontal bone. India. Two single horns, upper branches more equal. India. Horns on frontal bone, like the last, but thicker, heavier and more granular. Horns on frontal bone, like the last, but the left horn has a large posterior branch at the fork. Horns on frontal bone, like the last, but rather smaller, hinder branch of fork longest, the left one with a posterior branch in the middle. India. Presented by Mrs. "Wright. Horns of frontal bone, like the last, but larger and without posterior branch. Horns of frontal bone, one-third smaller. Single horn, simple, fi'om a castrated animal? Skull of young male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull of adult female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Skull of young female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Brocket horns on frontal. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- son, Esq. Three pairs of horns, second year. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Single horn of the first year. Horns on frontal bone, hinder upper branch turned back. Horns, very long, thick, with very short, thick frontal and submedial branch on one. Horns, apex forked. Himalaya. Presented by the Rev. R. Everest. Horns on frontal bone, apex simple. India. A pair of horns. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. A pair of very large thick horns, with rather long fi'ontal snag, the left with a large posterior process. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. A pair of very large, thick horns, with rather long frontal snag. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Three pairs of large horns, with moderate frontal snag, the hinder upper snag rather the longest. India. Presented by B, H. Hodgson, Esq. A pair of similar, but rather slenderer and more elongate horns. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 208 MAMMALIA. A pair of large horns, with rather elongated front snag, the front upper snag rather longest, the horns rather close together. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. A pair of large horns, with very long frontal snags, the upper snag rather the longest. India, Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. A pair of horns, the right like the former, the left quite sim- ple, subulate. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. A pair of horns, one with a moderate, and the other with a long frontal snag, the upper snag nearly equal. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. A pair of rather slender, more elongate horns, mth moderate frontal and short upper snags. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. A pair of horns, the beam not branched. Head of a female. India ; Himalaya. Head and horns, with skin. India. Presented by Edward Cross, Esq. Skeleton. India. From Mr. Bartlet's Collection. A pair of the horns. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Icon. Drawing of male. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 206. f. 1. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of skull. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 187. f. 11,12. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of male, female and young. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 207. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of males. — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 208. Pre- sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Drawing of female, — Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 209. Pre- sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Gouse or Indian Black Deer. — Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. 1. 139 ? . Walawah Tinkee. — Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,775. 1. 140 $, t. 141 4. Cariacus? nemoralis. The Cariacou Deer. Fulvous grey in winter. Tail above blackish (without the hair), half as long as the head. Nose brown. Muzzle white, with a black oblique streak from nose to mouth. Metatarsal tuft mi- nute, obsolete. Ears covered externally with very short grepsh hair. C. Nemoralis {H. Smith"?), Sundevall, Pecora, 59. Cerf blanc ou Cerf des Paletuviers, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 36. t. 5, f. 22 a. Chevreuils d'Amerique, Daubent. Biiffon H. N. vi. t. 37 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 36. t. 5. f. 19-22. Cervus mexicanus, part.. Pennant, Quad., from Bnffon. Biche des Savannes, La Borde, Buffnn H. N. Supp. iii. 126 ; " young in winter," Cuvier, I. c. Biche des Paletuviers, La Borde, Buff. H. N. Supp. iii. 126; " adult male," Cuvier, I. c. Hab. Shores of Mexican Gulf ; Guiana; Mexico. Cayenne; M. Poiteau. Surinam; M. Baillon. 5. Cariacus punctulatus. The Californian Roe. Dark reddish brown (in summer), minutely punctulated by the yellow tips of the hair; in winter greyish brown. Chin-mai-k distinct. Ears elongated, nakedish. Base of the ears, orbits, round the muzzle, underside of tail, and the upper part of the inside of the legs, white. Forehead, line down the face, and narrow streak on upper part of the nape, black. Legs brown. A very narrow, indistinct streak on the middle line of the rump yellowish. Metatarsal tuft none. Tail like back, with a black- ish tip. Cariacus punctulatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, t. Hab. California. Lieut. Jones of H.M.S. ' Samson.' There is a female of this species in the Zoological Gardens ; it is much smaller and darker than C. Virginianus, and it differs in the hair being dark, with a distinct, yellow, subterminal band. Cervus gymnotis is described as very like C. nemoralis, only differing in the tail being rather longer and pale above; the outer surface of the ears brown and nakedish. Metatai-sal tufts none. Cervus Gymnotis, Wiegmann, Isis, 1833; Wagner, Supp.; Sun- devall, Pecora, 39. Hab. Columbia. Mus. Berlin. Doubtful if distinct from the former or C. nemoralis. MAMMALIA. 233 6. Cabiacus Lewisii. The Black-tailed Deer. The tail black above towards the extremity, yellowish white beneath, covered with hair at all seasons, and not carried erect when running. Fulvous (in summer). Han* very soft, not rigid. Forehead and upper part of face before the eyes blackish. (In winter, fur very thick, quilled, waved, brittle.) Inside of the legs and belly white. Chin-band distinct, black. Front hoofs nar- row, elongate. Horns hke C. Virginiaims, but generally more slender, and commonly without the basal antler. Black-tailed Deer, Anglo-American in Oregon. Black-tailed Fallow Deer, Lewis Sf Clark, Travels to the Pacific, iii. 26. 125 (London edit. 1807). Cervus Macrotis /3. Colombiana, Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. i. 257. Long-tailed Deer (Cervus macrourus), H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 134, V. 7^^, part. ; Fischer, Syn. 615 ; Blyth in Cuvier Animal Kingd. 138. f. 56. Cervus Lewisii, T. Peale, U. States Explor. Exped. 39. t. 9, iued. fig. at p. 43, fore-foot. Hob. California, between Columbia River and Umpqua River ; seldom seen east of the Cascade range of mountains. Osteology, a, h. Skull, male and female. Columbia River. Presented by the Hudson's Bay Company. The Short or Black-tailed Deer in the winter is covered with very thick, waved, tubular, brittle quills or hair, of a grey colour, with a rather darker subterminal band. The legs are yellow brown. The tuft on the inside of the hock very large. The tuft on the outside of the tarsus large, covering an oblong, bald, cal- lous spot, about an inch or an inch and a half long, which is hard and horny in the dry specimen. — T. Peale. Skull rather broad. Forehead concave. Face rounded on the sides. Intermaxillars broad, not reaching to the nasal. Nasal dilated and bent do\ATi on the side behind, with a deep central notch. Suborbital pit large, deep, triangular. Suborbital slit large, triangular, open. Skull of JMale : Larger. Suborbital pit very large, triangular, deep, Intermaxillar not reaching near the nasal. Length entire 12f inches ; from front of orbit Q\ ; width at lower side of orbit 5^ ; upper side of orbit 5f ; of nose just before first grinder 2j\ ; of skull 3f . Skidl of Female : Smaller. Suborbital pit smaller, narrower, oblong, linear, rather deep. Intermaxillar reaching nearly to the nasal. Length entire 1 1 inches ; from orbit 6^ inches ; width at lower side of orbit 4|f ; at upper side 3|f ; of nose just in front of first grinder 2tV ; of skull 2{|. 234 MAMMALIA. Length 6' U"; tail 10"; height at shoulders 3' 2"; glandular sac on tarsus 1 § inch long. Male and female winter dress was sent from Fort Colville, Columbia River, May 26, 1843, by A. Macdonald, Esq., and pre- sented by the Hudson's Bay Company, but arrived without hair. The Black-tail Deer never cai'rics its tail erect when running, and viewed from behind shows two narrow white lines of hair, instead of the large, white, and elevated tail of the Virginian Deer. Var. 1. With a basal antler on the inner side of the horn, which was directed upwards and backwards. Hab. Oregon; T. Peak, /. c. 41. Var. 2. No internal basal antler. Hab. California; T. Peale, I. c. 41. There is a skull of a young male American Deer which was in the Zoological Gardens, the skin of which has not been preserved. It is intermediate in character between the other species ; it has the rather slender face of the Virginian Deer ; but it has a much larger, subtrianglar, suborbital pit, of the same form, but only about two-thirds the size of the pit in the skull of the broad- faced Long-tailed Deer. It indicates the existence of another species, that may be characterized by the skull. Nasals ; each bifid in front. Intermaxillar nearly reaching to the nasals. The length entire 9^^^ i^i* i of f^ce from orbits 5y\ in. ; width of lower edge of orbit 4-r\ in. ; of upper edge of orbit 3y\ in. ; of face in front of the first grinder lyf in. ; of skull 2^^ in. ** Front hoof broad, cordate. Tail not hairy beneath. 7. Cariacus macrotis. The Mule Deer. Brownish fulvous. Chin without any, or only an indistinct band. Tail pale ferruginous, with a black tuft at the end, and without any hair beneath. Ears very large. Hoofs of the fore feet broad, cordate, nearly as broad as long, flattened and con- cave beneath. Horns larger and more spreading than in C. Vir- ginianus. Var."? Jumping Deer, Umfreville, Hudson^ s Bay, 164. Black-tailed or Mule Deer, Gass. Journ. 55 ; Lewis Sf Clark, i. 91, 92, 106, 152, 239, 264, 328, ii. 152, iii. 27, 125; James, Long's Eocped. ii. 276 ; Godman, Nat. Hist. ii. 305. Mule Deer, Warden, United States, i. 245. Cerf Mulct, Desm. Mamm. 443, notes. LeDaume fauve a queue noire, Warden,EtatsUnis,ed. Gall. 640. Mule Deer, Anglo-Americans of the Rocky Mountains. MAMMALIA. 235 ? Mule or Black-tailed Deer, Le Raye ; Lewis 4* Clark, Travels ; Wied, Voy. Amer. Merid. iii. 2/3, & vig. a, b. Cervus macrotis, Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mount, ii. 88. 254 ; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 794; Fischer, Syn. 444. 615; Sun- devall, Pecora, 59 ; Richardson, Faun. Bor. Amer. 254. t. 20 ; Peale, U. St. Expl. Exped. 41. t. 10. ined. fig. at p. 43, fore- feet ; Sabine, Franklin Journ. 66/ ; Harlan, Fauna, 243 (Great- eared Deer); H. Smith in Griffith A. K. iv. 133, v. 794 (Black- tailed Deer). C. aui-itus, Warden, Etats Unis, ed. Gall. v. 640; Desmoid. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 379. Hab. Arkansas ; Rocky Mountains ; on rocky hills covered with trees. Rather larger than Cervus Virginianus, and having more the general aspect of the Wapiti ; destitute of the black submaxil- lary fharks ^vhich are always present on C. Leivisii and C. Vir- ginianus. Horns larger and more spreading. Hoofs rounded, the under surface concave. Tail pale ferruginous, destitute of hair beneath, and having a tuft of black hair at the extremity. In summer pale ferruginous, darkest on back. Chin, throat, and inside of thighs and belly, white. Hair flattened and undulated. Total length 67 in. ; tail 7^ in. ; height at shoidders 36 in. — T. Peale. This species is most a,bundant on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, and delights in rocky hills covered with cedars and pine-trees. By the flattened and concave formation of the hoofs, they are enabled to climb the rocky steeps with much greater facility than other species of Deer, and for the same rea- son we infer that they are more at ease in the snowy regions of the mountains. — T. Peale, I. c. 43. Mules between Cervus Virginianus and C. gymnotis have been described. — Pucheran, Comptes Rendus, Acad. Sci. 1849, 774. According to M. Pucheran, the chief difi'erence between C. Virginianus and C. gymnotis is, that the former has the chest and belly white, and C. gymnotis the belly white and the chest brown. Doubtful Species. 1. The Cariacou Deer, Cervus nemoralis, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. iv. 13/. t. . & V. 798 ; Fischer, Syn. 617, described and figured from a pair said to come from Virginia, and is also said to inhabit Honduras (see p. 138). It appears by the figure of the horns rather to belong to this genus than to Coassus. It is a species yet to be identified. Professor Sundevall regards it as a species of Cariacus, 236 MAMMALIA. 2. Cervus spinosus, Gay Sf Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 94, from horn of M. Poiteau, figured Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 22 a. C. virginianus var., G. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. Hah. Cayenne; M. Poiteau. Only described from a single horn from Cayenne. 3. Cervus Savannarum, Cabanis ^ Schomburgk, Reisen in Bri- tisch Guiana, iii. 785. 4. Orenoka Deer. — There is imported into London under the above name, from Central America, the flat skins of a large spe- cies of Deer, of a bright dark red brown colour, with the chin and under part of the body white, and a blackish tail. The hair of the back is short and rather ad])ressed. The animal appears to be about the size of a small Stag, C. Elaphus. These skins are imported by the North- West American Fur Company % be tanned into leather. 5. The Yutacan Deer. — The North- West American Fur Com- pany import, under the above name and from Yutacan, the skin of a smaller Deer, about the size of the Virginian Deer. The fur of the back is very short, of a red brown colour with blackish tips. They differ from the skins of the Virginian Deev, im- ported by the same Company from different parts of America, in the shortness and greater stifiness of the hair. 6. Cervus affinis, Pucheran, Compt. Rendiis, Acad. Sci. 1849, 777, not Hodgson. Hair very short, close-pressed, grey, minutely white grisled. Hab. . Mus. Paris. 7. Cervus Guidotii, Gay Sf Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 94. Horns lyrate, half the size of those of C. axis, and with only a single basal posterior snag. Hab. New Grenada; M. Justin Guidot. Horns in Mus. Paris. These two species are only known from the above descriptions. B. Horns simple. Subulidffi, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828. Les Daguets, Blainv. ; Lesson, Man. Mam. 5. COASSUS. Horns simple, rudimentary, shelving back. Ears short, broad, rounded, nakedish. Tail short. The facial Une rather convex. The fur short, of the forehead (in both sexes) elongate, forming a MAMMALIA. 237 rhombic tuft between the horn and face. Legs without any tuft on the outer sides of the metatarsus, but with a pencil on the inside of the hocks. Skull with a very small, shallow, suborbital pit, and supraorbital foramen in a groove. Confined to South America. They all emit a strong odour like porcupines. They cast their horns like the other Deer. Coassus, § 1. Coassus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. Subulo, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. . 1827. Subula, Lesson, Mamm. i. 273; Nov. Tab. R. A. 174. Subulus, /. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828. Coassus, Gray, Med. Repos. 1821; Cat. Mamm. B. 31. xxvii. Daguets, sp., Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 449, 1822. Cervus, sp., Renger, 343. • * Skull face rather elongate. Suborbital pit large. 1. Coassus nemorivagus. The Gauzu-viva. Pale brown. The hair dirt-coloured brown, with a yellow subterminal band which wears off; a paler spot over the eye. Young : Brown, white spotted, spots of sides unequal. Nape dark. Skull elongate. Suborbital pit broad, subtrigonal, shallow. Grinders moderate. Infraorbital ridge very distinct, sharp-edged. Intermaxillars not reaching to the nasal, but fit into a notch in the maxilla. Cervus nemorivagus, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. vii. 485 ; Cuv. Oss. Foss. iv. 54. t. 5. f. 50 ; Fischer, Syn. 446. 618 ; H. Smith, G.A.K. iv. 142. t. ; Sundevall, Pecora, 60 ; Licht. Dargst. t.21. Coassus nemorivagus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Mammalia, t. 1, t. 2. f. 1 ; List Mamm. B. M. 174 ; Cat. Ost. B. M. 64. Cervus nemorum, Desm. Mamm. 446. Cervus simplicicornis, Illiger, Pr. Max. Abbild. t. ; H. Smith, G. A. K. V. 800. t. ; R. Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana, iii. 785 ; Renger, 269. Cervus mangivorus, Schrank, Wett. Trans, iv. 326. Cuguacu-A.para, Marcg. Bras. vi. 235. Young ! Moschus delicatulus, Shaw, Mus. Lever, t. 36. Guazu-viva, Renger, 369. Hab. Brazils. a, b. Females. Brazils. c. Young, with a distinct hne of white spots on middle of the back ; sides spotted. Brazils. Tragulus Surinamensis, Klein. Moschus Americanus, Erxl. M. delicatulus, Shaw, Mus. Lever, t. 36 ; Seba, i. t. 44. f. 2. d. Male, adult. Brazils. 238 mammalia. Anat. C. nemorivagus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 54. t. 5. f. 50. e,f. Skull. Brazils. Var. 1 . Dark brown. Streak on each side of the forehead, upper part of the legs, and spot on the angle of the lower lip, black- ish ; streak over the eye yellowish. Under lip, a spot on upper lip near muzzle, under side of tail, and inner side of the upper part of the thighs, white. Muffle smooth, black, with the upper edge slightly arched. Ears small, lower half of the inner side black. Size of a full-grown Roebuck. Coassus nemorivagus, var. a, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, t. , male. Hab. Brazil; Knowsley Menag. Var. 2. Female. " Dark grey, tinged with brown, greyer on the head and neck; the lower part, and the inside of legs, the belly, and round the eyes, rust- coloured; the purple brown patch in the ears smaller and less distinct than in C. rnfus. A small white stripe in front of the eyes, and the under surface of the tail white. From the eyes to the nose short and thick compared with the other specimens. A female." — Frazer,MSS. Coassus nemorivagus var.. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, t. , & t. . f. . ** Skull face short, broad. Suborbital pit small. 2. Coassus rufus. The Cuguacu-ete or Pita. The fur bright shining red. Crown and neck, sides of face and chest, paler. Muffle carunculated, rather angularly produced above. Skull: infraorbital pit triangular, small, slightly impressed. Intermaxillary scarcely reaching to the skull, elongate. Nasal bone only slightly dilated behind. Supraorbital foramen large, in a deep groove. Grinders moderate. Cutting-teeth very nar- row, two central much dilated. Young : Reddish, white spotted, spots of sides unequal. Nape with a distinct, white-edged, dark central streak. Var. with white rings above the hoofs. Cervus mfus, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. vii. 485 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 53. t. 3. f. 41, 42, t. 5. f. 44 ; H. Smith, G. A. K, iv. 140. t.; Fischer, Syn. 446, 618; Licht. Darst. t. 20; Sunde- vall, Pecora, 60 ; R. Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana, 784 ; Pr. Max. Abbild. t. ; Renger, 356. Coassus rufus. Gray, List Mamm. B.M.174; Cat. Osteol. Sp. MAMMALIA. 239 64; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Mammalia, t. 2,t. .f.2. Cervus simplicicomis (Apara /3.), H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 141. t. Cei*vus dolichiirus, Wagner, Supp. iv. 389. Subulus americanus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828. Cariacou de la Guyane, Buff. ix. 90. Biche rouge, Buffon, Supp. iii. 126. Gouazou-pita, Azara. Guazu-pyta, Renger, 356. Hab. South America. Young, in spirits ? S. America. Male and female. S. America. An AT. t. 35. f. 4. Cervus rufus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 3. f. 41, 42, horns; t. 5. f. 44, skull. , Skeleton, male. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. Skull. Pai*a, South America. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. Skull of young. S. America. 3. CoAssus suPERCiLiARis. The Eye-browed Brocket. Bright shining red, with neck and head grey, forehead darker. Hocks and front of fore legs grey. Stripe in front of the eye, and under surface of the tail, white. Muffle slightly arched above. Ears moderate. Coassus superciliaris. Gray, Gleanings Knowsley Menag. t. 48*; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Mammalia, t. , t. . 45. Hab. Brazils. This species chiefly differs from the former in the form of the muffle, and in the presence of the white streak over the eyes. There is a male at Knowsley, t. , t. ; and a pair in the Gar- dens of the Zoological Society, t. . f. 5. 4. Coassus auritus. The Large-eared Brocket. Bright pale red brown. Head and neck grey. Orbits pale brownish. Spot on side of upper lip, chin, belly, hinder side of fore, and front side of hinder thighs, and under side of tail, white. Crown dark grey brown. Ears very large, broad, acute, more than half the length of the head, with two lines of hairs within. Coassus auritus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Mammalia, t t. .f. 6. ' Hab. Brazils ? ; Knowsley and Gard. Zool. Soc. 240 MAMMALIA. There is a female of this species in the Gardens of the So- ciety ; it greatty resembles the Indian Muutjac in the distribu- tion of its colour. In the British Museum there are two skulls which belong to the species of this division. They have the face shorter and thicker than the skull of C. nemorivagus, and the nasals are wider behind; the suborbital pit small or less compressed, and the grinders larger. The first belongs to a young specimen in the Museum Collection apparently of C. rufus; it has a small, slightly impressed pit just in front of the edge of the orbit. The second belongs to a more adult female, without any skin, sent from Para by Mr. Reginald Graham ; it is considerably larger than the pre- ceding, and there is scarcely any visible impression in front of the orbit, only a slight concavity of the general surface. Cervus nanus, Lund; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 173, 1842 (not described?). Hab. Brazils. Mliy be one of the preceding. 6. PUDU. Horns simple, rudimentary, shelving backwards. Ears rounded, thickly covered with short liair. Head short ; facial line convex. The crown with a tuft of long hair. Crumen chstinct. Fur short. Legs with a tuft of hair on the inside of the hocks, without any tuft on the outer side of the tarsus. Tail short. Skull short, high. Infraorbital impression oblong, very deep. Nasal bones much dilated behind on side of nose. Intermaxillary short, not reaching near to the nasal. Cutting-teeth rather narrow, two central rather dilated. Grinders very large. Supraorbital fora- men small, scarcely forming a groove. Confined to the west coast of America. Coassus, § 2. Pudu, Grmj, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. Cervus, sp., Bennett. C. § Capreolus, sp.. Lesson. Capra, sp., Molina. Antilope, sp., Blainville. Antilocapra, sp., Lesson. 1. Pudu HUMiLis. The Venada. Brown black and pale grisled. Neck blackish brown, punctu- lated with white. Lips, orbit, ears, legs, and under part of body, bright pale bay. Throat and inner side of thighs paler. Hair of back with a broad, blackish, subterminal band and pale brown MAMMALIA. 241 tips. Tail very short. Ears moderate, covered with short, close- set hair. Face dark. Crown dark red brown. Cervus humilis, Benn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, 27, fem. ; Sunde- vall, Pecora, 60 ; R. Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana, iii. 786. Cervus (Capreolus?) humilis. Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 1/2, 1842. C. rufus, Wagner, Supp. iv. Capra Pudu, Molina. Chevreuil (de Chili), Poppig, Froriep^s Notiz. 1829 ; Ferussac, Bull. Univ. xix. 95, 1829. Cervus Pudu, Gag 4* Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 90. Antilope (Rupicapra) Pudu, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 76; GeiTais, Diet. Sci. Nat. Supp. i. 264. Antilocapra Pudu, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182. Antilope Dicranocerus Temamazama, H. Smith, Linn. Trans. xiii. 36; Griffith, A. K. ii. 866; Fischer, Sijn. 482, 647. Mazame, Hernand. Mex. ix. 14, 324 ; Seba, Thes. i. 69. t. 42. f. 3. Cervus Macatlchicheltic, Seba, Thes. i. 69. t. 42. f. 4. Hab. Chili, Conception and Chiloe ; King. A male. Chili. From the Zoological Society. (The specimen described by Mr. Bennett.) Anat. Gay Sf Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 90. Skull. Chili. (The specimen described by Mr. Bennett.) Tribe 4. Moschina. Cutting-teeth none above. Horns none. The hinder edge of the metatarsus more or less naked. -False hoofs distinct. Moschus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ; Cuvier, Regn. Anim. ; F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 513, 1829. Camelinia, part., Rafin. Anal. Nat. 55, 1815. Moschidae sen Ecornis, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 60, 1828. Moschidfe (part.), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135. Inermia, part., Latr. Fam. Nat. R. A. 62, 1825. Moschina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Cat. Mamni. B. M. xxvii. 172, 1843; Selys Long champs, 1842. Ruminantia c. acerata, part., Bronn, Index Palceont. ii. 710. Les Chevrotains, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 513, 1829 ; Dent. Mam. 230. t. 93*. Moschisideae, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 175. The only character by which the Musks, as established by Linnaeus and others, diflfer from the genus Cervus, consists in the absence of horns, for the elongated canines are common to it and most of the Indian species of Cervus, especially the Cer- vus Muntjac. L 242 mammalia. Synopsis of the Genera. I. Fur erect, elastic, thick. Throat and hinder edge of tarsus hairy. Males with an odoriferous gland. Young spotted. 1. MoscHus. Canines of males very long. II. Fur close-pressed. Throat and hinder edge of tarsus bald. Males without any odoriferous gland. Young coloured like the adult. Throat white streaked. 2. Meminna. Throat hairy. Hinder edge of metatarsus covered \vith hair, naked on the outer side near the heel. Body spotted. Intennaxilla elongate. 0. Hyemoschus. Chin and lips nakedish. Hinder edge of me- tatarsus hairy, naked on the outer side near the heel. In- tcrmaxilla very short. 4. Tragulus. Throat and chin nakedish. Hinder edge of the metatarsus naked, callous. Fur soft. Intermaxilla elongate. 1. Fur elastic, thick, brittle. Throat and hinder edge of the tar- sus covered with hair. 3Ialcs with an odoriferous gland. 1. MoSCHUS. Muffle naked. Crumen none. Throat covered with hair. Fur verv elastic, formed of erect, spreading, closeh-packed, elastic, brittle, tubular, waved hair. Hinder edge of the tarsus covered with hair. Hoofs small, compressed, narrow, triangular, acute ; false hoofs elongated, well-developed. Tail ver\' short, rudiment- ary. Males with a large pouch, secreting musk, in the middle of the abdomen, and with a celluliferous and netted gland on the outer side of the thighs, secreting a serous fluid (see Brandt , Act. Acad. Petersb. 1836; Ann. Anat. Sf Phys. 18.3/, 283). Young spotted, which are often obhterated in the adult. Moschus, Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1846 ; Knowsley Menag. ; Last Mamm. B. M. Moschus, sp., Linn. S. N. ed. 6. 13. 1748, ed. 10. 66. 1758, ed. 12. 91. 1766; Erxleb. S. A. 319, 1777; Storr, 1780. M. Moschiferus, Illiger, 1811 ; Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 175. Tragulus, sp., Brisson, Reg. Anim. i. 67, 1762. The Musk are confined to the snowy regions, amid the glassy precipices of which they leap with a power and security far more than Caprine, though, owing to the unequal length of their legs, they can descend slopes only with difficulty, and fall- ing are caught ; they cannot climb at all as Goats do, and are solitar}'. They rut in winter, and produce young in May or June, MAMMALIA. 243 gestating 160 days. In six weeks the young can shift for them'- selves, and the mother drives them off. They can procreate ere they are a year old, and live ten or fifteen years. One is usually produced at a bnth, in cavities of the rocks. Gall-bladder con- stant. The tail-gland of the Musk is verj- large, and covers the whole tail nearl)-, and has a linear, longitudinal pore on each side, and an abundant secretion. The preputial gland of the Musk is analogous to that of the Civets and the iScrew-tail [Paradoxurus) ; it is placed on the prepuce, the penis opening in the midst of it : this organ is clearly subservient to sexual purposes, and so jDrobably are seve- ral others, though the eye-pits have been variously referred to the facilitation of breathing and of smelling. The supposed end of the interdigital glands and pores, or feet-pits, viz. the lubrica- tion of the feet and preserv^ation of the hoofs in hot sandy de- serts, is clearly erroneous, since the Thar has these organs of enormous size in all the four extremities, though it be the tenant of moist, cool mountain forests. It is probable that the secre- tion from the foot-pores enables these animals to find one an- other in those wildernesses of vast forest-trees and dense under- growth which constitute their range. — Hodgson. The Musk is said to derive its peculiar odoriferous secretion from feeding on the Kastooree plant, a kind of ground-nut which is strongly impregnated with the same pungent scent, and which the animal digs up with its long tusk. — Ogilby in Royle, Himal. I. Ixxi. 1. MoscHus SiBiRicus. The Kubarga. Ash brown, beneath paler. Thi'oat black or ashy, with a de- finite white streak on each side. Animal Moschiferum Kubarga dicta, J. G. Gmelin, Nov. Com. Petrop. iv. 393. Moschus Sibiricus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xiii. 29. t. 4, 5, 6 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 172; List Osteal. Sjjec. 63; Knowsley Menag. Moschus moschiferus, Schreb. Saugth. 944. t. 242, 242 a ; Shaw, Lever. Mus. i. t. 3?; Wrangle's Siberia, 374. Moschus moschiferus var. Altaici, Sundevall. Moschus Altaicus, Eschsch, Jobst. Isis, 1830, 606 ; Fer. Bull. Sci. xxii. 46. Hab. Siberia ; Altai Mountains ; Lake Baikal ; Gmelin. Bor- ders of Arctic Ocean; Wrangle. Mongolia, Eschsch. Male and female. Siberia. From the Museum of the Roya Academy of Petersburg. l2 244 mammalia. Osteology. Skull of male. Siberia. From the Museum of the Royal Academy of St. Petersburgh. Skull of female. Siberia. From the Museum of the Royal Academy of St. Petersburgh. The Musk Deer are found nearly to the arctic circle ; they are abmidant near Verkhoiansk in North Siberia (Lat. 67° 7', E. Long. 134°), and called Kabarga. A pound of musk is com- monly sold from 10 to 15 roubles. — Wranglers Siberia and Po- lar Sea, by Sabine, 374, 1844. 2. MoscHus MoscHiFERus. The Musk. Dark brown, chest and belly rather paler. Throat and chest with indistinct, pale cross bands. Moschus moscliiferus, Linn. S. JV. i. 91j Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 172; List Osteol. Sp. B. BL 62, 63; List Hodgson Col- lection, 30. Animal mosehiferum, Raii Quad. 124; Caleot. Mus. 661. t. 666. Capreolus Moschus, Gesner, Quad. 695 ; Jonston, Quad. 55. t. 39. Capra moschus, Aldrov. Bisulc. 743. Muskus, &c., Yshr. Reis. 45. fig. Musk, Buffon, Hist. Nat. xii. 361, Supp. vi. 221. t. 29. Moschus, Schrak. Monag. t. 44. Caprea moschifera, Seger. Misc. Acad. Nat. Cur. i. 169. Obs. 12S. t. 11. Tragulus moscliiferus, Klein. Tibet Musk, Penn. Syn. 56. t. 10. f. 1; Quad. i. 112. 1. 12. f. 1. Mos anterior ones conical, far apart. Toes broad; sole nearly orbicular, only slightly separated in front. Tail short, tufted. Living on leaves. Peculiar to the temperate and warmer parts of Asia and Africa, and naturalized in Southern Europe. Camelus, sp., Linn. Camelus, Cuvier; Illiger, Prod.; F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 512; Fischer, Syn. 434. 1. Camelus Arabicus. The Sghimel or Dromedary. Back with a single hump. Camelus Dromedarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. 90 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 168; Forsk. Faun. Orient. 4; Erxl. Syst. 218; Zimm. Geog. Gesch. ii. 139; Schreb. Saugth. t. 303; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. ; Reg. Anim. i. 250; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. \'iu. 94 ; Mam. Litli. t. 1, 2 ; Desm. N. Diet. H. N. vi. 42; Mamm. 424 ; Fischer, Syn. 435 ; Bronn, Jam. 488 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 171; List Osteol. B. M. 62. Camelus Luk, Eversmann, Bucharia. Camelus arabicus, Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 452; Mem. Mus. X. 221; Sundevall, Pecora, 104. Camelus vulgaris, Forsk. Faun. Orient. 4. Camelus monotophus, Walther, Wetter. Ann. iv. 105. Camelus Dromas, Gesner, Quad. 171. fig. 172; Alpin. jEgypt. i. 223. t. 12; Pallas. Camelus Arabise, Plin. H. Nat. viii. Camelus Bactrianus, Aldrov. Bisule. 908. fig. Camelus minimus, Klein, Quad. 42. Camelus vetus, Friseh. Naturg. iv. 1. Camelus, Jonst. Quad. 93. t. 42, 44. MAMMALIA. 253 Dromedaxius, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 55. Chameau, Perr. Anim. i. 69. t. 7 ; Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 9. Camel, Penn. Quad. t. Arabian Camel, Penn. Syn. 60; Shaw, Zool. ii. 166. Var. 1. Stronger and slower. Camel (Gimel or Jermal of the Arabs). Camelus Luk, Eversmann. Var. 2. Slighter and fleeter. Dromedary, or Hadgin of the Arabs. Hab. Desert of Arabia. Young. Adult, white. From the BerUn Museum. Osteology. Grundler, Obs. Anat. Tubing. 1817. Dromedaire, Daub. Buffon H. N. xi. t. 21. Skull. From Dr. Mantell's Collection. Skeleton. N. Africa. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. *Skull. Domesticated in Senegal, India. Varies in colour from brown to black and white. 2. Camelus Bactrianus. The Mecheri or Camel. Back with two humps. Camelus Bactrianus, LAnn. S. N. ed. 12. i. 90; Gmelin, S. N. i. 169; Forsk. Faun. Or. 4 ; Erxleb. Syst. 221; Zimmerm. Geogr. Gesch. 4. 140 ; Schreb. Saugth. t. 304 ; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t.; Reg. Anim. i. 250 ; Fr. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. viii. 93 ; Desm. N. Diet. H. N. vi. 22. t. P. 12. f. 2; Mamm. 423; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. iV.iii.451; Fischer, Syn. 435; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 171; List Osteol. B. M. 61. Camelus Ditophus, Walther, Wetter. Ann. iv. 163. Camelus Bactriae, Plin. H. N. viii. Camelus Turcicus, Alpin. JSg. i. 223. t. 13. Camelus, Gesner, Quad. 162. fig. 163; Brisson, Reg. Anim. 53, Dromedarii, Jonst. Quad. t. 42, 44. Bactrian Camel, Penn. Syn. 63; Shaw, Zool. ii. 239. t. 67. Chameau, Buffon, Hist. Nat. xi. 211. 426. t. 22; Sante, Mem. Mus. xvii. 320. Trampelthier, Knorr, Delic. ii. t. K. 6. Hab. Mongolian Deserts. Osteology. Le Chameau, Daub. Buffon H. N. xi. t. 24 ; Kaup, Allg. Zool. t. Skeleton. Persia. Domesticated in Eastern Europe, Persia, Tartary and India. 254 MAMMALIA. Varies from brown to white, and also greatly in size, strength and quickness, according to the breed and the climate. 2. Lama. Back even, not humped. Tail short, hairy. Toes slender; soles narrow, separate in front. Grinders -^^ South America. Lama, Cuvier; Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xxiv. 31, 1804; Fischer, Syn. 436. Auchenia, Illiger, Prod. 103, 1811 (not Marshall). Lacma, Tiedemann, Zool. i. 421, " Llacma, Cuvier," Illiger, Prod. Vicunia, Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 55, 1815. Dromedarius, Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. Aucheria, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 512 (misprint). Les Lamas, F. Cuvier, Dent. Mam. 229. Elaphocamelus, Mathiola, Epise. 381; Marcgrave, Brasils, 243. Cervocamelus, Jonst. Quad. Molini, and most systematic vmters after him, have considered that there are five distinct kinds: viz. — 1. Vigogne, 2. Guanaco, 3. Llama, 4. Alpaea, 5. Heuque. Desmai-est (JV. D. H. N. xxiv. 31, 1804) allow^s two. 1. Lama (C. llama and huanacus, Linn.). 2. Vigogne (C. paco, C. Vico- nia, and C. araunacus, Linn.). M. F. Cuvier allows of three kinds : he considers the Vigogne as very doubtful, but the latter is often brought alive to this country. Dr. Tschudi, in the Fauna of Peru, indicates four kinds : viz. — 1. A. huanaeo, 2. A. Lama, 3. A. paeos, and 4. A. Vieunia. He states that the Lama and Alpaea are only known in the do- mesticated state. Dr. Sundevall (Pecora) considers there is only two species, the A. Lama and A. Vieunna, regarding the Laina and Alpaca as domestic varieties of the Huanaeo {A. Lama). Prof. F. L. Walther {Neue Annal. Wetter. Gesellsch. 1819, 105), on tlie other hand, proposes to divide the genus Lama into three sections. 1. Lama, with a callosity on the breast. 2. Guanak, with one on the {Rueken) ; and 3. Araukan, containing the Vi- gogne and Pako, without any callosities (Hocker) ! The period of gestation in the three kinds which have bred at Knowsley, namely the Llama, Alpaca, and Guanaco, is eleven months ; the Llama and Alpaca breed regularly ; but by the Guanaco only a single fawn has been produced, to which one of the male Llamas is sne. None of them produce more than one at a birth. MAMMALIA. 255 In confinement, the Vicuna and the Alpaca often have the lower cutting- teeth elongated and projecting, giving the face a bulldog-like appearance. I have not observed this in the Gua- naco or Llama. The Alpaca may be a tame, heavy variety of the Vicuna, as it has the same short, hairy head ; but the neck is thicker, and the whole animal heavier, and the hair of the head longer and more bushy, and it wants the pectoral fringe. All the tribe have the disagreeable habit of spitting, when irri- tated, a quantity of half-digested cud ; the Llama and Alpaca do this only when much annoyed ; the Guanaco, on the contrar}', upon the slightest occasion. Unhke Sheep, these animals, in confinement at least, do not shed their coat. Though the Llama, Alpaca and Vicuna are generally harmless and inofi'ensive, the males will very readily quarrel with each other. Mr. Walton, a zealous advocate for the naturalization of the Alpaca, in his little book on the subject, published by Blackwood in 1844, apprehends better success wdl be the result when the Alpacas are turned on to waste and mountain lands than when they are kept on richer pasture and well cared for. But the fact that few, if any, specimens are now living in Great Britain be- side those at Knowsley, does not favour this conclusion. The Llama, the Alpaca and the Vicugna, are exclusively confined to the colder and more elevated regions of the Peruvian Andes ; the Guanaco has a wider geographic range, extending to the plains of Patagonia, and even the southernmost extremity of the continent. The Llama inhabits the high valleys of the Peru- Bolivian Andes, its favourite region being the valley of the lake of Titicaca. It was the only beast of burthen possessed by the Aborigines; hence we find it wherever the Incas carried their conquests and civilization, from the equator to beyond the southern tropic. It is still extensively employed by the Indians as a beast of burthen, and its wool, though coarse, is used by the Aborigines. Like all domestic animals, it varies in colour; its flesh is nauseous, black, and ill-tasted. The Alpaca or Paco, a gentle and handsome animal, although more closely allied to the Llama than any of its congeners, is a di- stinct species ; it inhabits at still more elevated places than the Llama, its favourite haunts being on the streams descending from the snowy peaks; it is only found in a domestic state; it is reared for its wool, which is extremely fine, silky and long, and which now bears a high price, from its introduction into some of our finest woollen tissues. The Vicugna is only found in the wild state, in the plains on the Andes, as high as 1500 feet; its 9f 256 MAMMALIA. wool is much prized for its fineness. The animal has a shrill whistle ; it is easily domesticated. The Guanaco, by some na- turalists considered erroneously as the parent stock of the Llama and Alpaca, is also only found in the wild state ; it is seen as far north as lat. 12° S., is very abundant, and in large flocks on the Bolivian and Chilian Andes, and has been seen as far as the southern extremity of the continent. All these animals feed on a species of coarse, wiry grass called ichu. In the Peru-Bolivian Andes the Llama and Alpaca are daily disappearing to make room for the more useful and profitable breed of the common European Sheep, while as a beast of bur- then the Ass is everywhere taking its place. — Pentland, in Mrs. Somerville's Physical Geography, ii. 340, 342. M. G. Geofiroy has announced, on the authority of Dr. Wed- del, that a cross-breed between the Alpaca and Vicuna had been obtained, and that the mules of this cross-breed are capable of reproducing this newly-created species, the wool of which is re- presented as of a valuable quality; but Mr. Pentland has examined the case referred to and the evidence adduced, and does not con- sider it sufficient to estabhsh the fact. '■' Of a nearly uniform brown colour. Wild. 1. Lama Vicugna. The Vicugna. Head short. Face covered with soft hair, like the neck, and of the same colour. Cheeks rather paler. Hair of temples not longer than that of the rest of the head. Eyelashes black. Ears hairy, brown, blackish washed. Neck and head without any long hairs. Sides of the body with longer, projecting, rather rigid brown hairs. Hind legs vvithout any appearance of elongated warts. The hincler part of the belly and inside of the thighs less naked. Skull (adult) 9 inches long ; nose short ; nasal bones short, broad; lacrymal opening none. Caraehis Vicugna, Molini, Chili, 277; Gmelin, S. N. i. 1/1; Schreb. Saugth. t. 307; Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. Univer. i. 252 ; Zool. Journ. i. 242. Lama Vicugna, Fischer, Syn. 437 ; Gray, Knowsley Menag. Lacma Vicunna, Tiedem. Zool. i. 421. Auchenia Vicunna, Desm. Mam. 426. Lama Vicunna, Gray, List Osteol. B. M. 62. Auchenia Vicugna, Desm. Auchenia Vicunna, Sundevall, Pecora, 107. Auchenia Vicunia, Tschudi in Wiegm. Arch. 1824, 245; Fauna Peru, t. 17. MAMMALIA. 257 Vicunna, Laet. Nov. Orb. 406; Nieremb. H. N. 184. f. 185; Ulloa, Voy. i. 506. 525. t. 24. f. 3; Shaw, Zool. ii. 243. t. 169. Vicogne, Buffon, H. N. vi. 208. t. 34 ; Sonnini, Nouv. Diet. H. N. xiii. 254 ; Cuvier, R. A. i. 251 ; F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. XXV. 268 ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 456. Vicognes or Viconas, Frezier, Voy. i. 266. Vicunias, Falkner, Patagonia, 112. Hab. Peruvian Alps. Two, adult. Bolivia. From Mr. Bridges' Col^ction. Osteology, t. 24. f. 2. Skull. ^ Skull, male. Bolivia. From Mr. Bridges' Collection. Skull, female. Bolivia. From Mr. Bridge^ Collection. Confined to the most elevated table-land and mountains of Bolivia and Northern Chili. The Vieuna is purely a wild species ; it has hitherto resisted all the effbrts of the Aborigines, the most patient and docile of the human race, to render it prolific in its ovna climate and in do- mesticity. — Pentland, I. e. 341. These animals jump and kick with their hind legs. 2. Lama Guanacus. The Guanaco. Head elongate, tapering, slate-coloured, nakechsh, covered with very short, uniform hau' (which is often longer and rather tufted on the temple under and behind the eyes). Ears naked- ish, blackish slate, white edged. Circumference of face from base of ears, and on the back of the temple, the lower jaw and chin, whitish. Eyelashes black. The neck and body covered with elongated, rather rigid hairs, projecting beyond the fur. The hinder part of the body in front of the thighs, the inner side of the fore-legs and thighs nearly naked. Chest only very slightly fringed. The hind legs with distinct, elongated warts. Skull (adult) IHor 12 inches long; nose elongate; nasal bones elongate ; lacrymal opening large. Camelus Guanaco, Trail, Wern. Trans, iv. 492. t. Camelus Huanacus, Molini, Chili, 281 ; Chnelin, Syst. Nat. i. 170; Sehreb. Saugth. t. 305. Lama Peruana a, Fiseher, Syn. 436. Lama Pacos (fera), Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 171. Lama huanacus. Gray, Knowsley Menag. Auchenia Lama fera, Sundevnll, Pecora, 107. Auchenia glama var., Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soc. 273. fig, Auchenia Lama, Brandt ; Wagner. Auchenia huanaco Tschndi, Fauna Peru. 258 MAMMALIA. Guanaco seu Huanacu, Laet. Nov. Orb. 406, 1633 ; Ovalle, Chili, 44 ; Ulloa, Voy. i. 366. t. 24. f. b; Shaw, Zool. ii. 246. 1. 169, 170. Guianicoes, Hawkesw. Voy. Guanaco, Byron, Voy. round the World; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, Mamm. 26. Hab. Peruvian Alps ; the Pampas and mountains in Chili, Men- doza, and Straits of Maghellan. Adult. Presented by Sir William Burnett and Capt. Fitzrov, R.N. Adult. S. America. Presented by Charles Danvin, Esq. Half-grown. S. America. Osteology, t. 24. f. 1. Skeleton. Chili. Skull. Chih. From Mr. Bridges' Collection. Two skulls. Chih. Skull. From the Zoological Society's Collection. The Guanaco or Wild Llama is the characteristic quadruped of the plains of Patagonia ; it is very common over the whole of the temperate part of the continent, as far south as the islands near Cape Horn. It generally lives in small herds, of from half a dozen to thirty in each ; but on the bank of the St. Cruz we saw one herd which must have contained at least 500. They are generally wild and extremely wary. If, however, by chance the sportsman abruptly meet a single animal, or several together, they will generally stand motionless and intensely gaze at him, then perhaps move a few yards, turn round and look again. They are curious ; for if a person lies on the ground and plays strange antics, such as throwing up his feet in the air, they will almost always approach by degrees to reconnoitre him : this ar- tifice has the advantage of allowing several shots to be fired, which are all taken as part of the performance. On the moun- tains of Tierra de Fuego, I have more than once seen a GuaJiaco on being approached not only neigh and squeal, but prance and leap about in the most ridiculous manner, apparently in defiance as a challenge. The Wild Guanaco are very easily domesticated, and I have seen some thus kept in Northern Patagonia near a house, though not under any restraint. They are in this state very bold, and readily attack a man by striking him from behind with both knees. It is asserted that the motive for^ese attacks is jealousy on account of the females. The Wild Guanacos, however, have no idea of defence ; even a single dog will secure one of these large animals till the hunts> man can come up. MAMMALIA. 259 In many of their habits they are like sheep in a flock. Thus, when they see men approaching in several directions on horse- back, they soon become bewildered and know not which way to run; this greatly facilitates the Indian method of hunting, for they are thus easily driven to a central point and encompassed. The Guanacos readily take to the water; several times at Port Valdes they were seen swimming from island to island. Byron, in his Voyage, says he saw them drink salt water. Some of our officers likewise saw a herd apparently drinking the briny fluid from a salina near Cape Blanco. I imagine, in several parts of the countr}^ if they do not drink salt water they drink none at all. In the middle of the day they fi-equently roll in the dust in saucer-shaped hollows. The males fought together. Herds sometimes appear to set out on exploring parties at Bahia Blanca, where within thirty miles of the coast these animals are extremely unfrequent. I one day saw the tracks of thirty or forty which had come in a direct line to a muddy salt-water creek ; they then must have perceived that they were approaching the sea, for they had wheeled with the regularity of cavalr}', and had returned back in as straight a line as they had advanced. The Guanaco has a singular habit, which to me is quite inexphcable, namely that on successive days they drop their dung on the same defined heap. I saw one of these heaps which was eight feet in diame- ter, and was composed of a large quantity. This habit, accord- ing to M. D'Orbigny, is common to all the species of the genus; it is very useful to the Peruvian Indians, who use the dung in fact, and are thus saved the trouble of collecting it. The Guanaco appear to have favom-ite spots for lying down to die, on the banks of the St. Cruz, in certain circumscribed spaces, which are generally bushy and all near the river; the ground was actually white with bones; on one such spot I counted between ten and twenty heads. I particularly examined the bones ; they did not appear, as some scattered ones which I had seen, gnawed or broken, as if dragged together by beasts of prey. The animal in most cases must have crawled, before dying, beneath and among the bushes. M. Bynoe informed me, that during a former voyage he observed the same circumstance on the banks of the Rio Gallegos. I do not at all understand the reason of this, but I may observe that the wounded Guanacos at the St. Cruz inva- riably walked towards the river. — Darwin, Journ. 168. ** Colour various, often variegated. Domestic. Almost every person who has lived where these animals abound consider there are two or more kinds found in the domesticated state, and they are all distinct from the two wild kinds already noticed. They will not allow that they are like the long-legged 260 MAMMALIA. Sheep of France and the short-legged Sheep of Lincolnshire, mere breeds of the same kind. Some authors, as Tschudi {Fauna Peruana), declare that they will not breed together, nor mth the wild kinds, but Lord Derby has shown at Knowsley that this is not the fact. I am led to believe that the Lama and Alpaca are only domestic races of the two preceding species, and that the Alpaca is pro- bably a mule between them, for it has many characters common to the two wild kinds. 3. Lama Glama. The Lama or Yamma. Fur brown or variegated. Forehead and cheeks with short hair, like the rest of the head. Legs elongate, slender. Camelus Glama, Linn. S. N. ed. 12. i. 91; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 163; Erxleb. Syst. 224; Schreb. Saugth. t. 306; Zimmerm. Geogr. Gesch. ii. 140; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. ; Reg. Anim. i. 251; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxv. 165; Mam. Llth. t. ; Sonnini, N. Diet. H. N. xiii. 249. t. E. 25. f. 1. Camelus Peruvianus, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 56. Camelus Llacma, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. Lacma Peruana, Tiedem. Zool. i. 421. Auchenia Glama, Desm. Mam. 425. Auchenia Lama, Tschudi, Fauna Peru, t. ; Brandt, Bull. Acad. Sci. Petersb. vi. 13. Auchenia Lama /3. domestica, Sundevall, Pecora, 107. Lama Peruana /3. domestica, Fischer, Syn. 436. Lama Pacos /3, domestica, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 171. Lama Glama, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. Ovis Peruana, Hernand. Mexic. 660. fig. ; Jonst. Hist. Nat. t. 46. fig. Cervocamelus, Jonston, Quad. t. 29 ; Marcgrave, Brasil, 243. fig. ; De Chile Regn. 38. fig. Elephocamelus, Mathiola, Episc. 1561, 381. fig., 1564, 6.30. fig. Llama, Ulloa, Voy. i. 365. t. 24. f. 5; Laet. Nov. Orb. 1633, 405; Penn. Syn. 64; Shaw, Zool. ii. 241. t. 168. Lama, Buffon, H. Nat. xiii. 16. Suppl. vi. 204. t. 27. Hab. South America. Adult, white. Osteology. Brandt, Bull. Acad. Sci. Petersb. vi. 13. 4. Lama Pacos. The Alpaca. Black, or black and white or brown varied. Forehead and cheeks with elongated hair. Body large. Sides with long pen- dulous hairs. Legs short. Belly and inside of the legs nakedish. MAMMALIA. 261 Skull (adult) 10 inches long; nose short; nasal bones very short, broad ; lacrymal opening large. Camelus Pacos, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 91; Gmelin, S. N. i. IJl; Erxl. Syst. 226; Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. ii. 140; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxv. 166. Lama Pacos, Lesson, Mamm. 352 ; Fischer, Syn. 43/ ; Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. 62 ; Knowsley Menag. t. Auchenia Lama y. domestica, Sundevall, Pecora. Auchenia Alpaca, Desm. Mamm. 426. Auchenia Pacos, Tschudi, Fauna Peru, t. Auchenia Glama (var. Llama), Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soe. 283. fig. Pacos, Rail Syn. 147; Hern. Mex. 663; Penn. Syn. 66; Shaw, Zool. ii. 245. Paco, Laet. Nov. Orb. 405; Buffon, H. N. xiii. 16. Alpaque, Frezier, Voy. i. 266. Hab. South America. Two, adult, black, male and female. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Black, young, just born. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Young, white and brown varied. Adult, black. S. America. Presented by W. Danston, Esq. Var.l Hvbrid? Alpaca, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. (hybrid); Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. Var.l Camelus Aiiicanus, Molini, Chili, 279; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 170. Lama Arucana, Fischer, Syn. 438. Auchenia Arucana, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. Aries Moromorus, Nieremb. Hist. Nat. 182. fig. Sheep, Ovalle, Chili, 44. Sheep of Peru, Cieza, Peru, 232. Mouton, Feuill. Journ. iii. 23. Mouton de Perou, Frezier, Voy. i. 264. t. 22. f. a. Chilihueque, Shaw, Zool. ii. 418; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 455. Osteology. ♦Skull. S. America. Presented by W. Danston, Esq. 262 MAMMALIA. Fam. 2. Equid^e. Two middle toes soldered into one ; covered with a single hoof; lateral toes subequal. Cutting teeth 6 6. Canines pj. Gullet and stomach simple. Using the hind feet in defence. Q. Solipeda seu Solidungula, Ray, Syn. 62, 1693. Solidungula, IZ/i^re?-, Prod. 100, 1811; Bronn, Index Pal. li. 707- M. Belluffi pars, Linn. S. N. ed. 12. 27, 1766. M. Jumenta, Storr. Prod. Mam. 1780. Les Solidipedes, Cuv. Tab. Elan. 1798 ; Desm. N. D. H. N. xxiv. 55, 1804 ; Dum. Z. A. 1806 ; Latr. Fam. N. 62, 1825 ; F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. hx. 516; Geoff. Mem. 3Ius. H. N. x. 165. Les Pachydermes Solipedes, Cuvier, R. A. i. 243, 1817, ed. 2. i.251. Stereoplia, Stereopodia, Solipedia, Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 55, 1815. Pachyderma Solipedia, Owen, Brit. Foss. Mam. 383, 1846. Pachyderma Solidipedes, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. 351, 1831. Q. Monochsenae, Gray, L. Med. Repos. xv. (1821) 306. Equidffi, Gray, L. M. Repos. xv. 307, 1821 ; Ann. Phil. 1825 ; List Mam. B. M. 182; List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 70; Ham. Smith, Jardine's Nat. Library, xii. Equi, Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 4, 1830. Sohpedia, Equidse, Selys Longchamps, 1842. Solipedia, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 17, 1828. M. Perissodactyles Palaeotheriens, Pomet, Rev. Zool. 1848, 182. SoUdungula, Fam. Equidae, Lesson, N. T. Reg. Anim. 165, 1842. Anomalipoda, part., Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 254, 1831. Equus, Linn. ; F. Cuvier, Bid. Sci. Nat. lix. 54, 1829. The EquidcB form two genera, but the species of them, viz. the Horse and the various species of the second group, breed together freely in confinement, but the produce is almost always (if not always) barren. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. Equus. Tail covered with long hair to the base; the fore and hind legs with a wart (sallenders) on the inner side. 2. AsiNUS. Tail with short hair at the base and long at the end ; the hind leg without any wart on the inner side. 1. Equus. Tail covered with long hair to the base. Fur dappled, that ts, marked with round pale spots having a dark net-like ground. MAMMALIA, 2fi.'3 Vote and hind legs with hard horny bodies called warts, chestnuts, or sallenders, placed above the knee (wrist) on the fore-legs and below the hock (heel) in the hind ones. Equus, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 261, 1825 ; List Mam. B. M. 182 ; List Osteol. B. 31. /O ; List Hodgson Collection, 35. Equus, sp. Linn.y Lesson, N. Tab. R. Anim. 165, 1842. Caballus, Rajinesque, Anal. Nat. 55, 1815. The warts are rarely absent on the hind legs, for it is stated that "the bay mare Eaglet was without sallenders on the hock joint." — Jamaica Times, 1845, Aug. 26. 1. Equus Caballus. The Horse. Brown, grey, or black, with roundish pale spots. Var. Equiferus, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 260; Eichw. Faun. Casp. Caur. 29. Wild Pferde, , 278. The Yaboos of Affghanistan Ponies, H. Smith, Equidce, 278. The Hungarian Horse (with sUt nostrils), H. Smith, Equidce, 278. t. 11. The Common Bashkir Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 278. The Morea Ponies, H. Smith, Equidce, 282. The Swedish and Norwegian Ponies, H. Smith, Equidce, 282. The Shetland Ponies, H. Smith, Equidce, 283. t. 15. The Galloway, H. Srnith, Equidce, 283, The Dartmoor and Exmoor Pony, H. Smith, Equidce, 284. Sardinian Wild Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 285. The Tatto or the East Indian Ponv, H. Smith, Equidce, 285. Tuttoo or Mahratta Pony, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831. Sedulously propagated in the Dukhun : much used to transport luggage, and very vicious. — Sykes. Tattoo or Hack Pony of Calcutta, Hardw. Icon.[ined. no. 10,975. t. 116, no. 10,974. t. 81. The Tangum Piebald or Skewbald Horse, Equus varius, H. Smith, Equidce, 288. t. 7. The Tangum (or Tanghans), Primaeval Piebald stock of Thibet, H. Smith, Equidce, t. 7- Skewbald of Achin in Sumatra, H. Smith, Equidce, 293. Tangham of China, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 1. Tangham of Lihassa, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 3, t. 213. Tangham of Gyanche, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 3. Hubstee of Deo Dharma, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 214. The Koomrah, or Equus hippargus, H. Smith, Equidce, 294. The Koomrah, Equus Lalisi, H. Smith, Equidce, t. 16. Hippargus, Oppian. Boryes, Herodotus. Bourra of Koldagi, Riippell. Northern Africa. Not gregarious. The specimen in the British Museum, which Col. H. Smith mentions as being like the Koomrah {Equidce, 296), was a Dart- moor pony which Dr. Leach had stuffed to place in the collection of British animals. M 266 MAMMALIA. The Kuda or Saran Horse, H. Smith, Equida, 287. The Javan Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 287. The Tamboro or Bh'ma Horse, H. Smith, EquidcB, 287. Horse with a curled moustache on the upper hp, of Asiatic Russia, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. 5. t. 5. f. 6; Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 2b0. Horse covered with curled woolly hair, of Asiatic Russia, Falk. Itiner. iii. 529 ; Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 250. Naked Horse of a beautiful form, of Asiatic Russia, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 250. The Ai'gamaki of Bocharis, a White Horse with very close, minute, orbicular, brown spots, of Asiatic Russia, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 250. Osteology, t. 37. f. 1. Cheval, Daubenton, Buffon, H. N. iv. t. 10 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. t. 1, 2, .3; Volkmann, Anat. Anim. i. t. 11. f. 8; Stevens, Book of the Farm, 1284. f. 577. Skull of young with milk teeth. Skeleton mounted Skeleton mounted : pony. Skull. Skull, larger. Skull of an English horse. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Pelvis. From Dr. Mantell's Collection. Icon. Drawing of Chinese Tangham, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 1. Drawing of Lhassa Tangham, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 2, and t. 213. Drawing of Gyanche Tangham, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 3. Drawing of Hubstee of Deo Dharma, Hodgson, Icon. ined.B. M. t. 214. Tuttoo or Hack Pony of Calcutta, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 116, n. 10,974. t. 81. Horses were introduced by the French in the Falkland Islands in 1764, since which time they have greatly increased. They have never left the eastern end of the island, although there is no natural boundary to prevent them from roaming, and that part of the islcnl is not more tempting than the rest. The MAMMALIA. 26/ stallions are said to be constantly roaming from place to place, and compelling the mares to accompany them, whether or not the young foals are able to follow, and they are left to die. The predominant colours are roan and iron-grey. All the horses bred here, both tame and wild, are rather small- sized, though generally in good condition, and they are not so strong as the horses from the Plata. — Darwin, Journal, 192. The Horse was first landed at Buenos Ayres in 1537, and the colony being then for a time deserted, it ran wild: in 1580, only jPorty-three years afterwards, one hears of them at the Strait of Magellan. The natives of Terra del Fuego are well-stocked with horses, each man having six or seven, and all the women and even children their own horse. — Darwin, Journal, 233; Ren- ger, Natur. Saugth. Paragua, 334. The soldiers in Bahia Blanca eat mare's flesh for food. — Dar- win, Journal, 101. In Banda Oriental they think it ridiculous to break in or ride a mare ; they are of no value except for breeding, and, rarely, to tread out the wheat from the ear, for which purpose they are driven round a circular enclosure where the wheat sheaves are strewn. Numbers are slaughtered for the sake of their hides, although onlv worth about half-a-crown a- piece. — Darwin, Journ. 134. ' Darwin gives an interesting description of the breaking in of the wild young horses of Banda Oriental. — Journal, 151. Horses do not breed on the southern face of tl;ie Himalayas, but are imported from Thibet. — Munday, Journ. ii. 75; Ogilby in Royle Himal. i. Ixxi. Skins of horses are used for cloth, to make churns, &c. — Simpson, Overland Journey, ii. 307. The roundish marks are called copper-marked in brown, dap- pled in grey horses. These marks become more visible in the bro\vn horses when they are in high condition. Horses are technically called according to their colours. Bay, — Brown, with black mane and tail ; some have black legs, they are then called bay with black points. Chestnut, — Red brown, either dark or light. Brown, — Nearly black : if they have a tan mouth they are called brown muzzles. Black. Dun colour. Roan, Strawberry, — very red grey. Piebald, — With three colours. Skewbald, — Two colom-s. Cream colour. — The white mark on the forehead is a star ; if down the face, a blaze. M ^ 268 MAMMALIA. 2. AsiNus. The Zebras. Have the upper part of the tail covered with short hair, and the lower part covered with longer hair forming a tuft ; the fur marked with darker stripes ; the fore-legs only furnished with hard horny warts in a similar situation to those in the front legs of the Horse, but there are none in the lower part of the hinder legs. Asinus, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 261 ; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 166, 1842. Chevaux (Asinus), F. Cuvier, Dent. Mam. 224. t. 92. Equus, sp., Linn. Asinine Group, H. Smith, Equida, 298. * Colour nearly uniform with a dark longitudinal dorsal stripe; some have a black stripe across the shoulders. The Asses of Asia. Asses of Asia, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 74. t Ears elongated, acute. The Tame or Domestic Asses. These animals vary greatly in size and appearance according to the climate. They are large and smooth-haired in the warmer climates ; small and shaggy in the colder countries. It is very doubtful if the Domestic Ass is found in a truly wild state ; the asses which have been described as wild, appear rather to be domestic animals which have escaped, or mules be- tween the Domestic Ass and the allied wild species ; for when caught they, after a short time, submit themselves to man, which is not the case with what I have here considered as the wild kinds. Pallas justly observes, " In extensis Asiae desertis primam pa- triam esse quaerendam Equi feri et Onagri a Nomadibus in domesticos usus domatorum, seque ac Hemioni hactenus indo- miti." — Zool. Ross. A. i. 255. This is equally applicable to the African species. 1. Asinus vulgaris. The Domestic Ass. Grey, with a longitudinal dorsal streak and a dark streak across the shoulders ; ears elongate ; facial line arched. Skull with suborbital foramen as in E. Hemionus. Equus asinus, Linn. ; Renger, Nat. Parag. 341 ; Pallas, Zool. R. A. i. 263. Asinus vulgaris. Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 244 ; J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 19; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 71- MAMMALIA. 269 Equus asina, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. Asinus, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. 44. Ass, Penn. ; Bewick. Asne, Buff on. Ane, Cuvier. Asinus onager, " Gray," Bonap. Index Mam. Eur. 34, 1845. Asinus domesticus. Domestic Ass, H. Smith, Equidce, 314. Var. Without any cross. Var. Legs and body more or less banded. Domestic varieties. Gudha of the Mahrattas, very little larger than a good mastiff or Ne\^foundland dog, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831. Domestic Ass of Ispahan, H. Smith, Equidce, 314. Domestic Ass of Beloochistan, H. Smith, Equidie, 314. Domestic Ass of Thibet, \^ith a cross band, Stachey. The Pico of ancient Egypt, H. Smith, Equidce, 314. Tasandunt of the Shelluhs, H. Smith, Equidce, 314. The Djaar of Arabia, H. Smith, Equidce, 311. The Lalisiones or Wild Ass Colts, H. Smith, Equidce, 311. Lalisio, Martial, xiii. 9/. Wild Ass, Lenant, Voy. on the Bahar el Ahad ; Hoskins, Travels in Ethiopia. Egyptian Ass, H. Smith, Equidce, 312. Osteology. Asne, Daubenton, Buffon H. N. iv. t. 12, 13. Skeleton, mounted. The common Domestic Ass is sometimes of the usual grey colour, without any appearance of the cross. They are some- times black, and at others white, rarely skewbald; but this is the common albinism and melanism of domestic animals, and when of these colours the cross is not apparent, or at least some- times only to be seen when the animal is observed obliquely. tt Ears moderately short, rounded. The Wild Asses. 2. Asinus onager. The Koulan or Wild Ass. Pale reddish (in mnter greyish) ; dorsal streak black, rather wider over the small of the back ; skull with the infraorbital foramen high up, about one-third the space between the face-line and the back edge of the teeth ; far back being directly over the front end of the cheek ridge and the back edge of the third grinder. Asinus sylvestris, Plin. Hist. Nat. \iii. 44. 270 MAMMALIA. Onager, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. 44 ; Raii Quad. 6; Act. Acad. Soc. Imp. Petrop. 1777, 258. t. 11 ; Neue Nord Beytr. ii. 22. t. 2, iv. 80. E. Asinus onager, Schreb. Saugth. t. 312. Equus onager, Brisson, Reg. Anim. ; Pallas. Wild Ass, Bell, Travels, i. 212 ; Heber's Travels. Koulan or Wild Ass, Penn. Quad. Equus Hemionus (Wild Ass of Kuteh and the Indus), Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, 91, not Pallas; I. Geoff. Nouv. Ann. Mus. N. H. iv. 97. t. ? , 3 years old. Asinus Hemionus, Gray, Osteol. Spec. B. M.; H. Smith, Equidce, 316. t. 20 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 29 ; Knowsley Menag. 71. Equus Khur (Ane Khur), Lesson, Manual Mamm. 347, 1827. Wild Ass or Gour, Ker Porter, Travels Georgia, Persia, i. 460. Wild Ass or Khur of the Persians, Isis, 1823, 764. Onager, Xenophon ; Barboza, Collect. Ramusio. i. 300, b. {Mala- bar and Golconda). Hemione or Dziggtai, Lesson, Comp. Buffon,x. 379, from Geof- froy; F. Cuvier, Mamm. 1823; not Pallas. The Hymar or Hamar of Mesopotamia, H. Smith, Equidee, 313. Asinus Hamar (the Hamar), H. Smith, Equidce, t. 19. Chamor of the Hebrews. Hab. The Plains of Mesopotamia, Persia, Kutch ; shores of the Indus, Punjab. a. Young (eight months old, died in September). Mesopotamia. Presented by J. H. Layard, Esq., M.P. b. Adult. India, Kutch. Presented by the Earl of Derby. Osteology. Skull and bones of body. India, Kutch. Presented by the Earl of Derby. They are abundant in Mesopotamia, and are evidently the Wild Ass of Xenophon. The adults are very difficult to approach within rifle range. The young are sometimes caught alive. — Layard. The Kkur inhabits the deserts of Persia in troops, frequenting the hills in summer and the plains in winter. Pallas, in a paper entitled " Observations sur I'Asne dans son etat sauvage, ou sur le veritable Onagre des ^neiens" {Act. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. 1777 y 258. t. 11), figured a Wild Ass which was sent by sea from Derbent to Astracan. The figure greatly resembles the mule between the Hemione and the Ass now in the Zoological Gardens, but the ears appear a trifle longer. It is coloured in the same manner as the Hemione, that is to say, the more prominent parts of the body are dark, and the middle MAMMALIA. 271 of the back, the front of the haunches and thigh and the under part of the body are paler. The figure represents but a very m- distinct cross band on the shoulder. On this Pallas observes, " L'etalon differait encore de la fe- melle en ce qu'il avait tout le corps plus robuste, I'encolure plus grosse, la poitrail et la croupe plus large, et surtout par un barre on raye transversale (tab. xi.), qui croisait sur les e'paules avec celle qui s'etend de long de I'epine dans I'un et I'autre sexe. C'est cette croix que la plupart des anes domestiques males out conserves, et qui embellit surtout ceux qui out la couleur du poil claire. Cette barre transversale bien plus etroite que I'autre manque entierement aux Onagres femelles : quelques Tartares ra'ont au contraire assurees qu'elle se voyait assez souvent double dans les males." {I. c. 269.) This paper is translated into German, and a copy of the plates with a second figm-e of the back of the animal is given in Pallas, N. Nord. Beytr. ii. 22, t. 2 ; but in this figm-e the cross band on the shoulders is not marked. From this description it would appear that the animal which is called the Wild Ass is not always marked with the cross band on the shoulder which is so permanent in the domestic kind, and has hitherto been consi- dered as its specific character. The chief difference between Pallas's figure of the Wild Ass and the Hemione is the greater length and more acute form of the ears ; of the latter the mule varies in this character. " No attempt has been made to break the Wild Ass (of Rajpoot- ana) in for riding, nor did it appear that the natives ever thought of such." — Bishop Heber. — H. Smith, Equida, 311. '• The Wild Ass of Cutch has the cross stripe on the shoulder, and differs in colours and heavier proportion from the Wild Ass of Kerr Porter." — Bishop Heber. — H. Smith, EquidcB, 311. Col. Ham. Smith confounds the domesticated Gudha with the Wild Ass of the Deccan described by Colonel Sykes, and states on the Colonel's authority that " it is not larger than a mastiff." — Equidce, 30/. Eversmann states that many specimens of the Kulan or Equus Onager, Pallas, have been brought to Orenburg from the high steppes between the Caspian and the Aral seas. A good speci- men and a skull are in the Museum of the University of Kassan. All these specimens are without the cross band, and have only the longitudinal dorsal streak. Eversmann considers that the cross band is either not the character of the species, or perhaps a sexual mark, as he observes that he is not able to discover the specific character which separates the E. Hemionus from the E. Onager. He further observes that the Mongolians have no par- ticular name for the E. Onager of Pallas ; the Tartars no name 272 MAMMALIA. for E. Hemionus : the Mongolians called the E. Hemionus Dshiggetei, or more properly Tschikitei, meaning long ears, and the Tartars call the E. Onager, Kulan. Eversmann remarks that Pallas {N. Nord. Beytr. u. 34) states that the male M. Hablizl brought from Persia had no cross, but that the female whicli was shot on the Murecy had one. He pro- ceeds to calculate the length of the ears of these animals, com- pared with the other measurements of them, and he finds that the ears of the male appear to be considerably (near 2 inches) shorter in proportion than the ears of the female. — Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1840, 5/. The Mule with Asinus domesticus has the short smooth fur exactly hke the sire, but v^ith a short narrow cross band on the shoulder ; the ears rather longer and black tipped. * 3. Asinus Hemionus. The Kiang. Fur short, smooth, bright red bay; legs straw colour (in winter long, rather woolly, greyish, legs whitish ), with a broad longitudinal dorsal streak, broadest over the small of the back, without any cross band on shoulders. Skull : the infraorbital foramen low down, in the centre of the space between the face-line and the base of the teeth, and placed in a line over the back edge of the second grinder, some distance in front of the end of the cheek-ridge. Mulus dam-icus foecundus, Messerschm. MSS. Equus Hemionus, Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xix. 394. t. 7, cop. Neue Nord. Beytr. ii. 31. 1. 1 ; Reise, iii. 217, cop. Schre- ber, Saugth. t. 311 ; Eichw. Faun. Casp. Caur. Equus Hemionus (Kiang), Ogilby, in Royle Himal. i. Ixxi. ; Walker, Journ. Asiat. Soc. 1848, t. 1. Equus Hemionos, Bodd. Asinus Hemionus, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 244 ; not Knowsley Menag. Equus onager, Eversmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1840, 56. ? Asinus onager (Onager Koulan or Wild Ass of Tartary), H. Smith, EquidcB, 307. t. 18? Asinus Equioides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xi. 287 ; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xi. 287. Wild Ass, Moorcroft, Travels. Equus Kiang, Moorcroft, Residence at Ladack, i. 311. 443 ; Les- son, Manuel; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 29; Knowsley Menag. 72; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calc. 1842, 286. Equus varius, part.. Ham. Smith, Equidce, 289. Asinus polyodon, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. H. 1847, 469. t. 6, animal and skuU. MAMMALIA. 2/3 Jikta, Shaw, Zool. ii. 427. Dshikketee, Penn. Dgiggetai, Cuvier, R. A. i. 244. Dzigethai, Buffon, Supp. vi. 3/. Wild Mule, Half Ass, or Fecund Mule, Penn. Quad. i. Wild Ass, English in Thibet. Hemionos, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. c. 44. L'Hemione, Ency. Method, t. 42. f. 4. The Ghoor or Khur, " Moorcroft," H. Smith, Equidce, 310. Wild Esel, Eversmann, Bull. Mosc. 1840 ; Wagner, Wiegmann Arch. viii. 1842, 49. The Kiang, H. Smith, Equida, 289. Wild Horse, Gerrard, Asiat. Research, xvii. 247- Hab. Thibet. Male between winter and summer fur. Thibet. Presented by Lord Gifford. ' Male. Thibet. Presented by the Hon. East India Company. Var. 1 . with a distinct cross band on the shoulder Hke the Do- mestic Ass. Thibet. Capt. Strachey. Var. 2. with the vertebral dorsal streak very obscure or entirely wanting. Thibet. Capt. Strachey. Osteology, t. 37. f. 2. Skull. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Two skulls, lower jaw wanting. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. The specimens referred to bv Mr. Gray in the P. Z. S. 1839. *Skull. Thibet, N. of Ladack. Presented by the Earl of Gilford. The forehead of all the three specimens of the skull of E. He- mionus from Thibet is rather convex between the eyes, and the centre of the face is narrow and keeled on the sides ; while in the skull of E. Onager from Kutch the forehead is flat between the eyes, and the centre line of the face is rather broader and rounded gradually oif on the sides, and the incisive bone is longer and more gradually arched, making the incisor more perpendicu- lar in the latter than in any of the former. But the most distinctive character between the four skulls is in the position of the infraorbital foramen. In E. Onager it is high up, about one-third the space between the face-line and the back edge of the teeth ; it is far back, being directly over the front edge of the cheek-ridge and the back end of the third grinder ; while in all the three specimens of the skulls of E. Kiang this foramen is lower down, being nearly in the centre of the space between the. face-line and the base of the teeth, and it 274 MAMMALIA. is placed in a line over the back edge of the second grinder, some distance in front of the end of the cheek-ridge. The under sur- face of the body of the posterior sphenoid is narrow and convex in E. Hemionus and broad and flat in E. Kiang. The vomer is much more compressed in the latter than in E. Hemionus. I am not certain that the distinctions here described may be sufficient to show that these two animals are separate species, but they in- dicate the necessity of the subject being more fully examined. In the position of the suborbital foramen the E. Hemionus more nearly resembles the E. Asinus, and the E. Onager that of E. Zebra and E. Burchellii.—Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 29. Two of the skulls of the Equus Kiang show the small rudi- mentary grinder in front of the other, but this tooth is to be more or less distinctly observed in the skulls of the other Equidce in the Museum Collection. I may observe, that in the skull of Equus BurcheUii in the British Museum Collection, this tooth is placed on the inner side of the first true grinder. The suborbital foramen in the skulls in the India House from Thibet rather varies in position, but in all it is placed over the middle or third tooth. In the old male it appears to be rather higher than in the nearly adult female and in the young skull, where the hinder grinder is just springing out. This animal must not be confounded with the domestic asses which are used for burden in Thibet. — Capt. Strachey. The male Kiangs are larger and deeper coloured. They Uve in troops of from eight to ten under the care of a solitary male, where the thermometer is below zero. They live partly on the plains and partly on the mountains, and the lower surface of the hoof varies considerably in form and concavity, perhaps from that circumstance. The Ghoor Khur of Ludakh, according to Moorcroft, is white about the nose and under the neck, the belly and legs ; the back is light bay and the mane dun. They herd in droves, fly at a trot, stop, and look back. — H. Smith, Equidce, 310. Moorcroft saw the Kiangs on the highest summits of Thibet, in their shining summer coats and with their antelope form, scouring along in numbers. — H. Smith, Equidce, 286. Dr. Walker observes — The Kiang neighs like a horse. The Wild Ass of Cutch brays hke an ass. The Kiang has no zebra stripes, neither in the adult nor in the foal. The iVild Ass of Cutch : transverse zebra stripes are seen on the shoulder in the adult, and still more in the foal. Sometimes also the shovilder cross has been seen. The habitat of the Kiang is on the high table-land of Thibet ; of the Wild Ass of Cutch in the sultry plains near the mouth of the Indus. The Kiang of Chinese Tartary greatly exceeds that of the MAMMALIA. 275 Donkey of Cutch in size ; the stallions often stand 14 hands high. Major Charlton and Major Biddulph state that they neigh like a horse. When taken young they will become so tame as to be led about like ahorse, and will follow horses almost anywhere. They live in a climate where the temperature is below the freezing point in the middle of the summer ; yet they throw off their pale woolly coat during that season and become bright bay. — Major Charlton. The Donkey of Cutch is often domesticated in India. — Ibid. ?? 4. AsiNUs EauuLEus. The Yo-to-tze. Yellowish red clay colour. Tip of ears, mane, long hairs of tail, well-defined line dowTi the back to middle of tail, and cross band on shoulder, three or four cross streaks on knees and hocks, black. Asinus Equuleus (the Yo-to-tze), H. Smith, Equidce, 304. Asinus Hippargus (the Yo-to-tze), H. Smith, Equidce, t. 17. The specimen described by Col. H. Smith was alive in a livery stable near Park Lane, London ; it was said to have been brought from the Chinese frontier N.E. of Calcutta. It was most probably a Kiang, or perhaps a mule between it and the Domestic Ass. ** Body with a black dorsal streak and many more or less distinct • transverse or curved sti^eaks. Ears rather short and broad- tipped. The Zebras of South Africa. Hippotigris, H. Smith. Hippotigrine group or Zebras, H. Smith, Equidce, 320. t Hoofs slightly concave beneath j legs white, not or only slightly cross streaked. Living on the open plains. 5. Asinus Q uagga. The Quagga. Brown. Head, neck and withers or front of body black- ish streaked ; lower part of body, legs and tail white. Hoofs flattish beneath. Asinus Quagga, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 246 ; List Mam,. B. M. 183 ; J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 20, 1828. Equus Quoagga, Lesson, Man. Mamm. 347. Equus Quagga, Gmelin, S. N. i. 213; Schreb. Saugth. t. 317 ; F. Cuv. Diet. Sc. Nat. vii. 473. t. ; Harris, W. An. Afr. t. 2. Female Zebra, Edw. Glean, i. t. 223. Le Couagga, Buffon, H. N. Supp. iii, t. 4 ; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. ; F. Cuvier, Man. Lithog. t. Kwagga or Couagga, Buff. Supp. vi. 85 ; Knight, Mus. Anim, Nat. f. 480. 276 MAMMALIA. Opeaglia or Quagga, Masson, Phil. Trans. Ixvi. 297. Hippotigris quacha (the Quagga of the Cape Colonists), H.Smith, EquidcB, 330. t. 24. Quagga, Shaw, Zool. ii. 240. Quacha, Penn. Quad. i. 14. Hab. Cape of Good Hope, on open plains. ? Young, stripes very indistinct. South Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D. E. Isabellinus, Temm. MSS. ; H. Smith, Equidee. Hippotigris isabelHnus (the Isabella Quagga), H. Smith, Equi- dcB, 332. t. 25. Ane isabelle, LeVaillant. Lesson places the Quagga with the true Horses, because the hair extends nearer to the base of the tail, overlooking the warts and other natural characters. — Nov. Tab. R. A. 166, 1842. The Quagga is found in herds near the Cape Colony. LeVaillant, as Col. Smith observes, only saw, and did not possess, the Ane Isabelle. The specimen in the British Museum described and figm'cd by Col. H. Smith was certainly only a young Quagga in a very imperfect condition, having lost nearly the whole of its fur before it was stuffed. It was presented by Dr. Burchell as the skin of a Quagga. 6. AsiNUS BuRCHELLii. The Peetsi or Peechi. Pale brown, under side of body whitish ; head, body and upper part of leg black streaked ; tail, inside and lower part of leg white. Hoof rather broad, only slightly concave beneath. Skull: suborbital foramen as in E. Hemionus. Equus Zebra, Burchell, Travels, i. 139, vig. at p. 252. Asinus Burchellii, Gray, Zool. Journ. ii. 247. t. 9. f. 1. animal, f. 2. hoof, 1824 ; List Mam. B. M. 183. Equus Zebroides, Lesson, Man. Mamm. 346 ; Nov. Tab. R. A. 166, 1842. Equus Burchellii, Bennett, List Animals Zool. Gard. 1830, 40. u. 62 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 432. Equus Zebra, male, F. Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. Equus montanus (the Dauw), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. , female and foal (not Burchell) ; Lesson, Mammiferes, i. 248. Hippotigris Burchellii (theDauw), H. Smith, EquidcB, 329. t. 23. ? & jun. Burchell's Zebra, Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 5 ; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 481. Striped or Bonte Quagga of the Cape Colonists, Harris, I. c. 7- Peet-sey of the Matabuli and Bechianas. Dauw, jP. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. Hab. South Africa, plains. MAMMALIA. 277 a. South Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D. b. Young. South Africa. From the South African Museum. Osteology. * Skull, female. South Africa. Found in herds in every district north of the Orange river. It admits of being tamed to a certain extent with considerable fa- cihty, and occasionally a half-domesticated specimen is exposed for sale in Cape Town with a rider on its back : even in the most tractable state to which it has yet been reduced, it is regarded as wicked, treacherous, obstinate, and fickle. — H. Smith. M. F. Cuvier has applied the Hottentot name for the true Zebra to this species, and used for it the name E. montanus, that Burchell gave to that animal, though it only inhabits the plains. tt Hoofs narrow, deeply concave beneath j legs cross-banded. Living on the mountains. 7. AsiNus Zebra. The Zebra. White ; head, body and legs to the hoofs black-banded ; nose reddish ; belly and inside of thighs not banded ; tail end black- ish. Hoofs narrow, deeply concave beneath. Skull : suborbital foramen as in E. Hemionus. Zebra Indica, Aldrov. Solid. 416. fig.; Raii Syn. 64. Equus Indicus, Jonston, Quad. t. 5. Equus Brasiliensis, Jacob. Mus. Reg. 3. t. 2. f. 1. Hippotigris, Dio Cass. Hist. 1. 77. Equus Zebra, Linn. S. N. i. 101 ; Schreb. Saugth. t. 316. Asinus Zebra, Gray, Zool. Journ. ii. 248. t. 9. f. 3, hoofs ; Cat. Mamm. B. M. 183 ; Osteol. Spec. B. M. 70 ; J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 20, 1828. Zebre, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 12. Zebra, Ray, Quad. 69 ; Penn. Quad. ; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 479, 508. Sebra, Stubb. Hippotigris campestris, H. Smith, MSS. I. c. 329. Equus montanus, Burchell, Travels, i. 139. 265, ii. 270 ; Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 24. f. 1. Male Zebra, Edwards, Glean, i. t. 222. Wild Paard or Wild Horse of the Dutch Colonists, Burchell, Trav. ; Harris, I. c. 7- Wilder Esel, Kolbe. Daow (or True Zebra) of the Cape Colonists, Harris, I. c. 7. Zeura or Zuora, Lobo, Abyss, i. 291 ? Wild Ass, Kolbe, Cape, ii. 112. Var. ? Hippotigris zebra (the Zebra), H. Smith, Equidce, 324. t. 21. 2/8 MAMMALIA. Hippotigi-is antiquorum (the Congo Dauw or Zebra of Pigafetta), H. Smith, EquidcB, 327. HippotigTis antiquorum (Angola Dauw), H. Smith, Equid Tab. I. fig. 1. Bos Taurus, p. 17, skull $ . fig. 2. Bubalus brachycerus, p. 24, skull 9 . Tab. II. figs. 1 & 2. Bubalus CaflFer, p. 28, adult, fig. 3. Horns of young : — Pennant's specimen. ■s/ Tab. III. figs. 1 & 2. Anoa depressicornis, p. 29. fig. 3. Bibos frontalis, p. 31. V Tab. IV. figs. 1 & 2. Bison Americanus, p. 38. figs. 3 & 4. Poephagus grunniens, p. 40. ^ Tab. V. figs. 1 & 2. Ovibos moschatus, p. 43. figs. 3 & 4. Budorcas taxicola, p. 45, from Hodgson. , Tab. V*. figs. 1 & 2. Ovibos moschatus, p. 43, $ jun. figs. 3 & 4. Ovibos moschatus, $ . ' Tab. VI. figs. 1 & 2. Saiga Tartarica, p. 51. figs. 3 & 4. Pantholops Hodgsonii, p. 53. fig. 5. Gazella Dorcas, p. 55. , Tab. VII. fig. 1. Tragops Bennettii, p. 62. fig. 2, Procapra gutturosa (picticauda), p. 54. fig. 3. iEpyceros Melampus, p. 65. Tab. VIII. figs. 1-3. Antilope Cervicapra (bezoartica), p. 66. figs. 4 & 5. Calotragus campestris (Tragulus), p. 71. 284 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. / Tab. IX. fig, 1. Tetracerus quadricornis, p. 68. ^ fig. 2. Oreotragus saltatrix, p. 74. fig. 3. Neotragus Saltiana, p. 76. ^ Tab. X. fig. 1. Cephalophus Natalensis, p. 85. fig. 2. Nanotragus perpusillus, p. 89. fig. 3. Eleotragus arundinaceus, p. 91. Tab. XI. figs. 1 & 2. Adenota Kob, p. 96. figs. 3 & 4. Kobus ellipsiprymnus, p. 99. - Tab. XII. figs. 1 & 2. iEgocems leucophaeus, p. 102. figs. 3 & 4. Oryx Leucoryx, p. 107. fig. 5. Addax nasomaculatus, p. 108. Tab. XIII. fig. 1. Capricornis Bubalina, p. 111. fig. 2. Nemorhedus Goral, p. 112. / Tab. XIV. fig. 1. Mazama Americana, p. 114. figs. 2-4. Rupicapra Tragus, p. 115. I Tab. XV. figs. 1-3. Antilocapra Americana (Dicranocerui? furcifer), p. 117. figs. 4 & 5. Connochetes Gnu, p. 119. . Tab. XVI. figs. 1-3. Alcelaphus Caama, p. 124. figs. 4 & 5. Damalis Senegalensis, p. 126. V Tab. XVII. figs. 1 & 2. Strepsiceros Kudu, p. 133. figs. 3 & 4. Oreas Canna, p. 135. Tab. XVIII. figs. 1 & 2. Tragelaphus scripta, p. 138. figs. 3 & 4. Hemitragus Jemlaicus, p. 144. » Tab. XIX. figs. 1 & 2. Kemas Warryato, p. 146. figs. 3-5. Capra (Ibex) Nubiana, p. 151. ^ Tab. XX. figs. 1-3. Hircus ^gagrus (Capra Hircus), p. 153. figs. 4-6. iEgoceros Pyrenaica, female, p. 147. Tab. XXI. figs. 1-3. Caprovis (Musiraon) Vignei, p. 172. fig. 4. Caprovis Argali (Ovis), p. 174. Tab. XXII. (XXIII.) figs. 1 & 2. Pseudois Nahoor, p. 177. fig. 3. Ammotragus Tragelaphus, p. 179. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 285 Tab, XXIII. figs. 1 & 2. Camelopardalis Giraffa, p. 182. figs. 3 & 4. Camelus Bactrianus, p. 253. V Tab. XXIV. fig. 1. Lama Glama (Pacos), p. 260. fig. 2. Lama Vicugna, p. 256. fig. 3. Meminna indica, p. 246. Tab. XXV. fig. 1. Moschus chrj^sogaster, p. 246. fig. 2. Hyemoschus aquaticus, p. 248. fig. 3. Tragulus Stanleyanus, p. 249. Tab. XXVL fig. 1. Alces Malchis, p. 187. figs. 2 & 3. Tarandus rangifer, p. 191. Tab. XXVII. fig. 1. Alces Malchis, p. 187. fig. 2. Tarandus rangifer, p. 191. fig. 3. Cervus Wallichii (Casperianus), p. 199. Tab. XXVIII. fig. 1. Cervus Wallichii (Casperianus), p. 199. figs. 2 & 3. Dama vulgaris, p. 201. V Tab. XXIX. figs. 1 & 2. Panolia Eldii (Eadii), p. 202. figs. 3 & 4. Rucervus Duvaucellii, p. 203. / Tab. XXX, fig. 1. Dama vulgaris, p. 201. fig. 2. Panolia Eldii, p. 202. fig. 3. Rucervus Duvaucellii, p. 203. fig. 4. Rusa Aristotelis (Equina), p. 205. Tab. XXXI. figs. 1 & 2. Rusa Aristotelis, p. 205. figs. 3 & 4. iVxis maculata, p. 213. Tab. XXXII. fig. 1. Hyelaphus porcinus, p. 215. fig. 2. Cervulus moschatus, p. 219. Tab. XXXIII. fig. 1. Capreolus Capraea, p. 222. figs. 2 & 3. Cariacus Virginianus, p. 228. Tab. XXXIV. fig. 1. Axis maculatus, p. 212. fig. 2. Hyelaphus porcinus, p. 215. fig. 4. Cariacus Virginianus, p. 228. fig. 5. Capreolus Capraea, p. 221. Tab. XXXV. figs. 1-3. Blastocerus campestris, p. 224. fig. 4. Coassus rufus, p. 238. 286 EXPLANATION OP PLATES. Tab. XXXVI. fig. 1. Pudu humilis (Chilensis), p. 240. figs. 2 & 3. Pelea Capreola, p. 90. fig. 4. Pelea ? Lower jaw of unknown species from the Cape of Good Hope. y Tab. XXXVII. fig. 1. Equus Caballus, p. 263. ^ fig. 2. Asinus Hemionus, p. 269. J- O < pa pq >^ 7"^ ^ ^ .--i^ Pq . i T I ID •k ^ I w 9 S w o I V i u I — 1 O fC] CH- CO o CO Q 01 O I — i > O ^:if-''- t \^^^ d -L< <^ Si o I — I a o <1 <, i V CO I. < b GO ! — I 21 i-H C 5 m < H w E- i I i ■n ^1 5 i . ^ h ^ C ^ CO CO D P. 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